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The Civil War
Chapter 11
Fort Sumter
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By Lincoln’s inauguration only 2 forts
remained in Union control
Fort Sumter was key
Lincoln’s decision
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to have navy bring in reinforcements
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If so he would be starting hostilities
If fort was evacuated
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give legitimacy to Confederacy
Force Confederacy to decide
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Lincoln – sends in food forces Davis to decide
Davis commands the confederate army to
begin firing April 12, 1861- 4:30 a.m.
Charleston citizens thought they were
watching a fireworks display
Anderson surrenders the fort to the
confederacy
Virginia secedes
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Unwilling to fight against other southern
states Virginia secedes ---a terrible loss to the
Union
Most populated, industrialized (crucial
ironworks and navy yard)
West Virginia forms from those in Va. that
were against slavery.
Union advantages
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More fighting power
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More resources
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Finances
Industry
Greater food production
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Population
Focused on grain crops
Extensive railroad system
Union Generals
Confederate advantages
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“king cotton” (profits)
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Skilled generals
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Strong military tradition
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Motivated to defend their homeland
Strategies of War
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North
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3-part plan (Anaconda Plan)
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Union navy blockade ports (NO TRADE)
Riverboats & armies move down Miss. River and split
into 2 parts
Capture capital of Richmond,Va
South
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Own Survival
Defensive Strategy
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
McClellan: “ I’m all in”
Union Generals
Gen Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Flag
First Battle of Bull Run
JULY 1861
Stonewall Jackson
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Confederates hold firm at Bull Run (D.C.)
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“there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!”
Tide turns against the Union
1st victory for the South
Picnic at Bull Run {Historical Spotlight p.341}
Ulysses S. Grant
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A rumpled old West Point grad that had failed
at everything in civilian life
However he was a brave, tough, and decisive
military commander
U.S. Grant
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“Unconditional Surrender”
Given by Confederates
Robert E. Lee
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Modest man willing to go beyond military
textbooks in tactics
Opposed to secession
Declined an offer
to head the Union army
Chose the side of his
beloved state of Virginia
Shiloh
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March 1862 - Near MS border
Confederates surprise Union
Grant leads counterattack
25,000 troops are killed, wounded, or
captured
Confederate cannot hold Ohio-Ky frontier
WAR IN EAST
Antietam
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Bloodiest single day in
American History
Totaled more than
26,000 casualties
As many as War of
1812 and War with
Mexico combined
Antietam creek—
McClellan and Lee’s
armies clash
The Politics of War
Lincoln on Slavery
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Disliked slavery
Did not think the federal government had the
power to abolish it
Emancipation was not just a moral issue, it
became a weapon of war
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Discouraged Britain from backing confederacy
Slaves also provided much needed food to the south
Emancipation Proclamation
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January 1, 1863
Lincoln issues the proclamation
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862
". . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as
slaves within any State, or designated part of a
State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion
against the United States shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free." President
Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, September 22, 1862
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Emancipation Continued…
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Immense symbolic effect
Gave many a moral purpose for the war
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Northern Democrats disagreed with it
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Southerners no focused on preservation of “way
of life”
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Copperheads
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Northern democrats
Advocated peace with the south
Urged union soldiers to desert the army
Advocated an armistice
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Lincoln suspends the ability to find out what you
are being charged with.
Primarily done to Southern supporters in North
Life During Wartime
African Americans Fight
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began as a white man’s war
1862 law passed for African Americans to serve
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Still suffered discrimination
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Served in separate regiments,
could not rise above the rank of captain
Earned 3 dollars less a month
no clothing allowance
Recruitment of African-Americans
Recruitment into 54th Regiment
In Honor to Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Slaves being Freed by Black Soldiers
Battles that African-Americans took part in fighting
Conscription
a form of draft due to need of soldiers
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Confederacy
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Age 18-35 (1862)
Age 17-50 (1864)
Union
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Age 20-45
North
initiates
a draft in 1863
County Drafts
NYC DRAFT RIOTS
Southern Shortages
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The south faces a food shortage
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1. drain of manpower into the army
2. Union occupation of food growing areas
3. loss of slaves to work in the fields
Northern Economic Growth
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Most industries boomed
Few suffered such as cotton (south)
Although the economy grew wages did not
keep up with prices
Standard of living declined
The North Takes Charge
Chancellorsville
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Victory for South
Except Stonewall gets shot in arm and must
have it amputated.
Catches Pneumonia and dies May 10 1863
Gettysburg
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Most decisive battle of the war
Day 1:
Confederates go to Gettysburg looking for
shoes.
Confederates take control of town
Lee knows that battle will not be won until
they take Cemetery Hill
Gettysburg
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Day 2:
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90,000 Yankees vs 75,000 Confederates
Rebels attempt an uphill assault
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shocked by Union resistance and surrender in
droves
Union held ground
Gettysburg contiued…..
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Northerners succeeded on Day 3 by defending
the high ground and decimating Rebel troops
Lee gave up all hope of invading the North
Union– 23,000 killed or wounded
Confederate– 28,000 killed or wounded
Confederacy would never recover from
Gettysburg or Vicksburg a defeat the next day
Vicksburg
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Confederate holdout in Mississippi
Food supplies run low for the rebels in their
attempt to hold off Union troops
They even ate dogs and mules
“If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender”
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---Confederate Troops
Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln gives a 2 minute speech after a noted
speaker speaks for 2 hours
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Changes attitudes in the nation
Historian thoughts on the address
Before address “the United States are”
After address “the United States is”
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Confederacy Wears Down!!
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Morale on the home front deteriorated
Soldiers deserted after letters from home
about the lack of food
Southern states argue amongst themselves on
issues that hurt morale
William Tecumseh Sherman
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Appointed by Grant as commander of the
Mississippi division
Believed in “total war”
Sherman’s March
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Sherman takes Atlanta (occupies transportation)
Burns most of Atlanta
Sets out for Savannah burning almost every house
in it’s path
Surrender @ Appomattox
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Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox
courthouse to arrange confederate surrender
Terms are generous at Lincoln’s request
After 4 long years of tremendous human and
economic loss the Civil War was over
Legacy of the War
13th Amendment
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“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted shall
exist within the United States.”
Lincoln Assassination
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John Wilkes Booth
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26 year old actor and southern sympathizer
Shoots Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in D.C.
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Lincoln dies the following morning April 15,
1865
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Booth is killed 12 days later in Virginia
Where does the nation go now?
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The Civil War was over
Slavery had ended
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The country faced 2 problems
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How to restore southern states to the Union
How to integrate 4 million newly freed Slaves