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The Civil War
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1861 – 1865
Changed the face of the nation
Social, economic and political factors are causes
Causes are all linked to slavery
Watershed of American history / birth of “modern America”
The Road to War - expansion
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Westward expansion
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Gold Rush (’48 – ’49)
Compromise of 1850
Transcontinental railroad
Kansas / Nebraska (1854)
New expansion puts increased stresses on political
divisions, which in turn aggravates political divisions
The Road to War - politics
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compromise and conflict
Henry Clay (Whig) – the Union at all costs
John Calhoun / Jeff Davis (Democrats) – “honor” at all
costs; states’ rights
William Lloyd Garrison (abolitionist) – emancipation at
all costs; a “Higher law”
Steven Douglas (Democrat) – “popular sovereignty” and
the splintering of the Democrats (N / S)
Abraham Lincoln (Republican) – Union… and more?
The Road to War - regionalism
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Economic differences – Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Social differences – gentleman vs. greasy mechanic
Interpretations of the Constitution – states rights and federal
power (5th, 9th and 10th Amendments)
Dred Scott (1857) – politics and regionalism implode
Northern plans for the future / Southern paranoia over the
future (South being eclipsed?)
John Brown 1859 – playing on fears and greasing the gears
Election of 1860 – regionalism surpasses politics as
determining factor !!
The Beginning
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Aftermath of the election of 1860 – the wheels in
motion; Davis to the forefront
Secession and confederation – the border states?
Buchanan Admin. – anyone for duck?
Federal duties and protection of forts
Crittenden Compromise – yeah, right
Lincoln’s Inauguration (March 1861) “we must
not be enemies” – “you yourselves must be the
aggressors” – “better angels of our nature”
Major Events - 1861
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The border states&&
Ft Sumter (call to arms)
Bull Run / 1st Manassas (innocence lost)\/
Coiling the Anaconda
McClellan takes command; organization and inactivity
War in the West – where the war was won / lost??
“Trent Affair”
Davis is successful in forming a Confederate army,
government and identity; loyalty? That’s another issue
Lincoln takes heat; bends the rules
Major Events - 1862
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Peninsular Campaign (On to Richmond?)00
Battle of Shiloh – foreshadowing of blood
Ironclads – watch out world
Union takes New Orleans, much of Mississippi River
(unleashing “the Beast”)
Jackson shreds Shenandoah; Lee comes to command
2nd Bull Run (Pope-head)@@
Confederate “high water mark” – fall ‘62
Antietam (oops, I won / change has begun)^^
37th Congress
Major Events - 1862 (cont)
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Elections of 1862
Mac gets axed; Grant returns
Campaign for Vicksburg beginsLL
1st conscription and income tax acts North and South (“rich
man’s war – poor man’s fight”)
Union “Burned” at Fredericksburg **
Union’s “Valley Forge” in worst winter of the war
Murfreesboro/Stones River++
Major Events - 1863
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Desertions on the rise (North and South)
Women lead the way in reforming medical care
Union navy begins to choke off Confederacy; economic
crises result (“Richmond Bread Riot”)
Nature of each society impacts its war effort: South’s “states
rights” weakens war effort; North’s industrial focus
strengthens; “died of a theory”
Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect – Mass 54th
comes into being 00
Virginia ravaged; Mississippi squeezed
Major Events – 1863 (cont)
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Hooker whipped at Chancellorsville()
Grant’s siege of Vicksburg tightens the
screws on Davis and Lee
Lee invades North again and loses at Gettysburg
Vicksburg falls simultaneously (July 4th)MM
New York draft riots / Copperheads revving up
Mass 54th shows bravery at Ft Wagner-Union loss at Chickamauga reversed by
Grant with big win at Chattanooga
Gettysburg Address – “last full measure”;
“great consummation”
Major Events - 1864
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Grant gets overall command of Union forces and faces Lee
Competing views of reconstruction / black participation
Grant whipped in the Wilderness but moves forward**
Sherman gets command in the West and moves on Atlanta;
“total war” – new Anaconda has vicious coils
Heavy fighting sees terrible casualties (Wilderness to
Petersburg) and growing anti-war movement in the North
(“copperheads”)-Forrest’s raid on Ft Pillow ends exchange of prisoners of
war (prisons bulge North and South; Andersonville is the
worst of them all)
Major Events – 1864 (cont)
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Presidential election looks bad for Lincoln
(McClellan runs for Democrats)
Union suffering large numbers of casualties and is stalled
outside of Petersburg and Atlanta
big Union wins going into Nov ’64 tip scales (Sherman
takes Atlanta; Sheridan shreds Shenandoah; Farragut at
Moblie Bay) and Lincoln wins election
Lincoln gets more “spiritual”
Union resolved to fight to end; CSA is getting
weaker and weaker
Arlington National Cemetery / Thanksgiving
established (examples of spite / spirit)
Sherman’s “March to the Sea” pounds Georgia
1865 – the end
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Total war takes its toll/Sherman shreds
South Carolina
Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address calls
for “malice towards none”
After 10 months Grant breaks Lee’s
lines at Petersburg and takes Richmond
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox in
early April (how done is important)()
Davis tries to move capital to Texas but
is caught; all armies surrender by May
War is over; Reconstruction begins **
To be, or not to be…
1859
1863
1865
assassination
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April 14, 1865 (Good Friday)
Part of larger conspiracy…???
John Wilkes Booth is assassin
Many in South see assassination as tragedy for the
South as well (so much for “malice for none,
charity for all”?)
Fulfillment of prophecy? End of misery?; either
way, is the end of Lincoln the man, creation of
Lincoln the “American God” - mythologized
Reconstruction
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Presidential vs Congressional Reconstruction
Blacks in the new society?
SOUTH IS TRASHED!!!
Johnson vs Radical Republicans
Military enforces government will
Civil rights bills / vetos
13th, 14th and 15th Amendments
Impeachment
Election of Grant
1st African-American gains (Freedman’s Bureau)
Reconstruction – successes and failures
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“Civil War” Amendments are good, but
enforcement is not
KKK – “Jim Crow”
Sharecropping and tenant farming (sucks)
Amnesty Act of 1872
“Panic” of 1873
Election of 1876
Compromise of 1877
Is the war over?? – 1860’s lead to 1960’s
Effects of the War
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600,000 + casualties North and South
South demolished; North booming (victory
of Hamilton over Jefferson????)
Northern boom will feed 2nd Industrial
Revolution, production and big business
Federal authority supreme over states rights
(United States “is” instead of “are”)
Popular government is saved (survives
internal crisis; increases democratic
influence across the globe)
Effects of the War – cont.
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“Civil War Amendments” – 13, 14 and 15; move from civil
war to civil rights
US is militarized nation (new tech, training and tactics –
Native tribes screwed!)
Sparks 2nd and largest wave of immigration to the US
(results of economic boom and opportunity; will change
face of US culture)
Power of the presidency transformed (Lincoln expands “war
powers” and commander in chief role) Congress will seek to
reduce this during Reconstruction
Effects of the War – cont.
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2nd American Revolution
- womens’ rights
- “New South”; plantocracy is dead
- 1st draft / income tax (growth of federal
government and national interests)
- Civil rights issue and conflicts (segregation and
the vote; issue to go on)
- changes in daily lives of Americans
(technological and economic advances)
Mary Lincoln
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All 3 brothers die during war, as
well as her mother and Willie
Moved with Robert and Tad to
Chicago in ’65
Robert marries in ’68 and she and
Tad travel Europe for 3 yrs
Tad falls ill on trip and dies in ’71
Grows increasingly delusional and
is institutionalized by Robert
Friends sue for her release – goes
to live with sister
Dies of stroke in 1882
William Lloyd Garrison
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Publishes last issue of “Liberator”
in late 1865
10 minute standing ovation at
celebration of ratification of 13th
Amendment – makes amends with
Frederick Douglass
Active in temperance and womens’
suffrage movements
Two sons become active reformers
well into 20th century
Dies 1879
Where they go from there – US Grant
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General in Chief until 1868
Runs for Republicans and elected
President in 1868 and 1872
His administrations are scandalridden; Reconstruction falters
Joins investment firm and goes broke
because of it
Spends last months writing memoirs
to provide wealth for family
Dies of cancer; family wealth returns
Where they go from there – Lee
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Lee helps South to deal with
surrender and do it peacably
Offered $50,000 for use of
his name; refuses
Offered and accepts
presidency of Washington
University
Dies 1870; school becomes
Washington and Lee U.
Where they go from there –
McClellan
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After loss in 1864 he goes to
Europe for several years
Returns to become governor of
New Jersey
Successful in business ventures
(railroads and management)
Dies in 1885 after publishing
memoirs
Where They Go from There Hancock
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Lingering effects of Gettysburg
wound
Success at Spotsylvania and
difficulties at Petersburg
Relieves Sheridan in Shenandoah
Criticized as too lenient during
Reconstruction military
administration
Presidential aspirations frustrated
in 1868 and 1880
Dies in 1886 while still on active
duty
Where they go from there –
Longstreet
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Sent west after Gettysburg and led
successful attack at Chickamauga
Goes back east and is wounded at
Wilderness
Resumes command in 1865 and is
there at Appomattox
Scourge of South for becoming a
Republican and supporting Grant
US Minister to Turkey and
commissioner of Pacific railways
Dies 1904
Where they go from there –
Davis
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Captured in Georgia in May of
1865
Imprisoned for 2 years in Va.
before released
Spent some time in Canada and
Europe to recover; treason trial
never happens
Died in 1889 after writing several
books; enjoys financial support of
admirers
Citizenship restored by Congress in
1978
Where they go from there –
Sherman
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Full general by 1866; in command of
all US forces during Grant’s
presidency and up to 1884
Native tribes learn to hate Sherman
as much as Georgians did
Refuses all offers of political office
Dies 1891
Where they go from there –
Barton
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At Lincoln’s request, she gets involved for
missing soldiers search
Spends 1865 and much of 1866 at
Andersonville burying thousands
Went to Europe; comes back with drive to
create US Red Cross
Through 1880’s, 90’s serves at national
disasters and at Spanish American War
Serves as president of Red Cross till 1904;
active till death in 1912 at age 90
William Seward
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Survives assassination attempt –
son does too, but wife does not
Stays on as Johnson’s Sec of
State
“Seward’s Folly” – purchase of
Alaska in 1867
Retires in 1869 – travels the
globe for 14 months
Dies 1872
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Penniless at end of war; hired as a
railroad exec and earns another fortune
Supports the formation of the KKK in
1867 – becomes 1st Grand Wizard
Distances himself from KKK 2 years
later, asking it to disband because it has
become too violent and has strayed from
his view of its original intent
Dies of diabetes-related complications
in 1877; body disinterred and moved in
1904 to Forrest Park in the heart of
Memphis in 1904
Harriet Tubman
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Moves back to Auburn, NY
after war – close friends with
the Seward family
Always short on cash, gets help
from many admirers
Builds home for elderly blacks
to convalesce – spends last few
years there
Dies 1913 of pneumonia (and
being really, really old)
Where they go from there –
Chamberlain
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Seriously wounded at
Petersburg; promoted to Brig.
General
4-term governor of Maine
President of Bowdoin College
Attends Gettysburg reunion in
1913
Dies 1914
Where they go from here Douglass
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During Reconstruction, he fights
vigorously for full citizenship of
African Americans and is active in
womens rights movement
Serves as Asst. Sec. of Santo
Domingo Comm., D.C. Marshall,
and US Minister to Haiti
1875 commemoration of Mass 54th
monument in DC – “what will
peace bring???”
Dies Feb. of 1895 in D.C.; pissed
at lack of civil rights progress;
advocates direct action and
“agitation” to secure rights
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