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Reconstruction Virtual Museum By: Matt Rhodes Conditions in the South following The Civil War • The war changed The South forever • It reached into families and farms • It destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and 9,000 miles of railroads • It also destroyed farmland, farm buildings, farm machinery, work animals, one third of livestock, bridges and levees • Thousands of miles of roads, factories, ports, and cities lay smoldering • Southern farm property plunged 70% in value • 260,0000 soldiers were lost, a generation of young men fathers, brothers and husbands • Children were orphaned and brides widowed Reconstruction Plans • When the Civil war ended plans to reconstruct the war torn South began • Lincoln’s Plan: • • • • 1.Offered a pardon, an official forgiveness of a crime, to any confederate who would take on oath of allegiance to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery 2. it denied pardons to all confederate military and government officials and to southerners who killed African American war prisoners 3.it permitted each state to hold a convention to create a new state constitution only after 10% of voters in the state had sworn allegiance to the union 4. states could then hold elections and resume full participation in the Union. Lincoln’s plan did not require the new constitutions to give voting rights to black Americans. Nor did it readmit southern states to the union, since in Lincoln’s view, their secession had been unconstitutional. Continued…. • When Lincoln was assassinated Andrew Johnson took over plans fro reconstruction • Johnson’s plan: • • • • 1. It pardoned southerner’s who swore allegiance to the union 2. it permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10 percent allegiance requirement) 3. States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the federal debt 4. States could then hold elections and rejoin the union Continued…. • Radical Reconstruction: • • • • • Composed of Radical Republicans Against Johnson’s reconstruction policies Opposed the spread of the black codes Favored the expansion of republicans in the south Mainly focused on granting African Americans their civil rights such as voting and equal treatment Amendments • 13th Amendment: officially prohibited slavery or involuntary servitude of any kind, unless as punishment for a crime • 14th Amendment: states that people born or naturalized in the U.S are citizens and no state can make or enforce laws limiting the rights to citizens and that no state can deprive any person’s life, liberty or property without due process of law • 15th Amendment : prohibits governments from denying a persons right to vote based on skin color or previous condition of servitude Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Creation of five military districts in the seceded states , not including Tennessee which ratified the 14th amendment to the United States constitution and was readmitted to the union • Requiring congressional approval for new state constitutions which were required for confederate states to rejoin the union) • Confederate states give voting rights to all men • All former confederate states must ratify the 14th amendment Effects of reconstruction • The South tried passing laws limiting rights of newly freed slaves • Former slaves worked as sharecroppers and tenant farmers • Poor whites in the South struggled to get jobs from competing with the blacks • Plantation owners lost money by not having slaves to do free labor Successes of reconstruction • Freedman’s Bureau – Offered medical aid & education to freed slaves • Civil Rights Act of 1866 – First Civil Rights Act passed – Forbade enforcement of discriminatory laws (black codes) – Granted African Americans citizenship • - continued • Improved Education System – Northerners came down to South to teach freedmen’s schools – Reconstruction govs built large system of schools to educate future generations • By 1876 over 50% of white kids and 40% of black kids were enrolled in schools in the South – Black “academies” built (Atlanta University) Failures • Land Redistribution – Freedman’s Bureau divvied out old plantation land to black families in SC Sea Islands, GE, parts of MS – Collapsed when plantation owners came back to reclaim land and President Johnson supported them • Could have been prevented if Johnson had defended black families and prevented white plantation owners from taking back their land Continued • Did Not Change Social Classes – The allowance of blacks to run for office only lasted for a while before it reverted back to the old social classes in the South – When the Reconstruction was over old slave holders and rich plantation owners came back into power • Could have been avoided if black office holders had protection from hate groups and blackmailing Continued • The Amendments – 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments caused the South to come up with things to get around them – Causes Jim Crow laws and Black Codes – Slaughterhouse and other Court Cases • Could have been avoided if the North had sent troops earlier to reinforce Election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes against Samuel J. Tilden • Hayes won the election by promising to pull troops out of the south if he had won • After he was elected troops were pulled out dooming the blacks End of reconstruction • Reconstruction ended in 1877 • After the lection of Rutherford B. Hayes troops were pulled out from the South • And they took control of their government • White Southerners promptly passed laws and restrictions against blacks South following reconstruction • Hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan soon started to develop and grow • They began killing backs and other groups of people • The North soon passes laws against the crimes they are committing and the numbers of clan members start to die down but they have a resurgence in the early 1900s My Opinion • I think that reconstruction is basically the time period when the North tried to reunite the war torn nation and make Southern society a but more like the North. It was successful in some ways but failed a lot too. Just like other things we’ve learned this year the civil war and reconstruction show that whites think they are the better race