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TEST REVIEW The American Civil War and Reconstruction TEST REVIEW INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet In the packet, the slide numbers are listed for each question, so you know where to look to find your answers If you answer each question correctly and thoroughly, you will be prepared for the test UNION (NORTH) CONFEDERACY (SOUTH) In the American Civil War, the two sides in the conflict were the United States of America (the Union, located in the North) and the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy, located in the South) Cotton was the main product grown in the Southern states; it was so important to the Southern economy, it was called “King Cotton” “King Cotton” had transformed the South into a rural region with many plantations, but with little manufacturing and few railroads The Southern plantation owners depended heavily on slavery to harvest and process cotton While the South was very rural, the Northern states were more industrialized and urban; the North did not have a great need for slaves The South, however, DID rely on slavery; this issue of slavery would create tension between the North and South The differences between the North and South led to sectionalism, which is placing the interests of a region (or section) of a country above the interests of the whole country Between 1820 and 1850, sectionalism between the North and South was mild; their differences were solved by compromise In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the Wilmot Proviso: this stated that slavery would be illegal in any new lands the U.S. gained from Mexico Anti-slavery Northern states were in favor of the Wilmot Proviso, while the pro-slavery South was against it “Abolitionists” are people who want to completely get rid of (or abolish) slavery The “Free Soil Party” were not abolitionists because they did not think Congress had the power to end slavery; Free Soilers were against the expansion of slavery into the West Arguments about slavery between the North and South began to get more heated in the 1850s In the state of Illinois, an unknown Republican named Abraham Lincoln ran against Democrat Stephen Douglas for a Senate seat The topic of their debates was over the spread of slavery in the new territories; Lincoln adopted the policy of the Free Soil Party and was against the spread of slavery The idea of “popular sovereignty” means that the people of a state or region make decisions for themselves by voting The Compromise of 1850 settled the sectional dispute over slavery for a time; with the Compromise, Henry Clay was hoping to avoid civil war over slavery THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 (2) Following the idea of popular sovereignty, the people of Utah and New Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery (SOUTH LIKES THIS) (1) The slave trade ended in Washington DC (NORTH LIKES THIS) (4) A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture (3) California entered slaves in the North as a free state (SOUTH LIKES THIS) (NORTH LIKES THIS) “The Underground Railroad” was not actually underground nor was it a railroad; it was the nickname for the network of safe houses to help Southern slaves escape North to freedom Harriet Tubman was the most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad, making 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom using the network of safe houses In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, a book that depicted slavery as a terrible moral evil “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” inspired many Northerners to join the abolitionist cause “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” —Abraham Lincoln, 1858 RESULTS OF THE DRED SCOTT LAWSUIT (1) Southerners were pleased because the court said that Blacks were not citizens and had no rights, including the right to sue (2) The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional (3) Northern abolitionists were furious STEPHEN DOUGLAS’ KANSASNEBRASKA ACT OF 1854 This law used popular sovereignty to allow residents of the new territories (Kansas and Nebraska) to vote on banning or approving slavery; the old Missouri Compromise was ended by this Northerners were outraged by the KansasNebraska Act, since Congress allowed slavery to spread in an area where it had been outlawed Northerners formed the Republican Party and became committed to the “Free Soil” movement Abolitionist John Brown wanted to lead a slave rebellion in the South Brown and his people raided an armory at Harper’s Ferry to get the weapons for the rebellion He was caught and executed Brown was seen as martyr in the North and as a criminal in the South Southerners believed all Northerners were like Brown and would use violence to end slavery, so Southerners made life even tougher for their slaves The election of the Republican Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. made Southerners push for secession from the Union “Secession” is when a state breaks away from the country Southerners feared Lincoln would make slavery illegal, so they seceded from the U.S. South Carolina seceded first; by early 1861, seven Southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America The South justified secession with the North by saying that since each state voluntarily had joined the Union, states had the right to leave the Union if they wanted to These seven states seceded by February 1861: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina Lincoln viewed Southern secession as illegal and promised to “preserve the Union”; he would not allow the South to break away without a fight In April 1861, Union soldiers refused Fort Sumter Confederate demands to vacate Fort Sumter in South Carolina When Lincoln sent aid to those Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, the Confederates fired on the fort The attack on Fort Sumter proved to be the beginning of the Civil War NORTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR (1)The larger population in the North meant more troops (2) The North had far greater industrial capacity (to make more weapons, ammunition, etc.) (3) The North had a huge railroad network, so they could move troops and supplies to where they were needed much faster than the South could NORTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR (1) To win this war, the North had to invade the South; the South had “home field” advantage (2) It was difficult to maintain enthusiasm and support among the Northern population over a long period of time SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR (1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis knew that the South did not have to win the war by conquering the North; they only had to drag out the war and make the North quit fighting Robert E. Lee “Stonewall” Jackson J.E.B. Stuart (2) The South had better fighters and better leaders; they also had motivation to protect their homes (3) Because they wanted Southern cotton, France and England appeared more likely to support the South SOUTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR (1) The South is badly outnumbered by the North (2) The South did not have the industrial capacity or railroad system the North had THE “ANACONDA” PLAN (1) Take control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Southern states from the Western territories (3) Take the Confederate capital at Richmond (2) Blockade the Southern coast, cutting off Confederate trade with England and France NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS New weapons included long-range artillery and the Gatling gun (the first machine gun) Cone-shaped bullets and grooved rifle barrels led to better accuracy NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS Ironclad ships were a new innovation in naval warfare (the battle between the Union’s Monitor and the Confederacy’s Virginia was the first battle between ironclad ships) The ironclad ships could ram wooden ships, resist cannon fire, and resist burning… but they were much slower than wooden ships NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS Old tactics (like massed formations and frontal assaults) combined with these newer, deadlier weapons led to massive loss of life on both sides The Battle of New Orleans was a crushing blow to the South; from that point, the Union forces controlled the Mississippi River and split the Southern forces from each other New Orleans, 1862 (USA) The Battle of Antietam was the single bloodiest day of the Civil War, with neither side gaining ground but both sides having a total of 23,000 casualties After this battle, Lincoln decided the time was right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that the North’s goal was to free all slaves in the Southern states Battle of Gettysburg, 1863: Robert E. Lee decided to take advantage of his victory at Chancellorsville and attack Northern soil; Lee wanted to end the war quickly by crushing Union morale The Confederates lost the Battle of Gettysburg, which proved to be the turning point of the war: Lee was halted, the South gave up on the idea of invading the North After this battle, Lincoln made an inspirational speech that would be called the Gettysburg Address “The Declaration of Independence shows the principles of freedom that our government was founded upon.” “This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other republics have failed.” “We need to make sure that the Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of government.” Clara Barton worked as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War; she later founded the American Red Cross, which helps victims of wars and disasters Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of “habeus corpus” (which protects people from unlawful imprisonment) during the Civil War; he did so to prevent the border slave state of Maryland from leaving the Union Confederate President Jefferson Davis had a difficult time during the war: because state rights were so strong in the South, the Southern governors could refuse Davis’ requests to draft soldiers or send money To finance the war, Lincoln began the first ever income tax on Americans’ earnings Black soldiers fighting for the Union Army in Civil War faced discrimination, were paid less than White soldiers, and were more likely to be killed than Whites (higher mortality rate) General Grant and General Sherman considered “total war” necessary to defeat the South; Sherman targeted not only Southern soldiers, but civilians, too Using the “scorched earth” policy, Sherman’s forces left a trail of destruction as they advanced; the Battle of Atlanta ended in the city’s destruction The victory in the Battle of Atlanta gave Northern morale a huge boost and led to Lincoln being re-elected Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, the Union general, at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia; this ended the Civil War The North’s celebration was cut short when John Wilkes Booth, a well-known stage actor and pro-slavery Southerner, shot Lincoln in the head as he watched a play; Lincoln died several hours later The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, making it illegal The 14th Amendment defined citizenship and established civil rights for all citizens The 15th Amendment gave all AfricanAmerican males the right to vote PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION (1) Southern states must ratify the 13th Amendment (2) Southern states must ratify the 15th Amendment (3) Southern states must rewrite their state constitution CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION This was also known as “Radical Republican Reconstruction” Its goals: (1) divide the South into military districts occupied by Union soldiers (2) The South had to ratify the 14th Amendment (3) The Freedman’s Bureau was established THE COMPROMISE OF 1877 In the 1876 election, neither candidate won a majority of the electoral college vote Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes if Union troops would be removed from the South Both sides agreed, and the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE NEXT TEST Review created by Christopher Jaskowiak