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TEST REVIEW
The American Civil War
and
Reconstruction
TEST REVIEW
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet
In the packet, the slide numbers are listed for each question,
so you know where to look to find your answers
If you answer each question correctly and thoroughly, you will
be prepared for the test
UNION
(NORTH)
CONFEDERACY
(SOUTH)
In the American Civil War, the two sides in the conflict
were the United States of America (the Union, located
in the North) and the Confederate States of America
(the Confederacy, located in the South)
Cotton was the main product grown in the
Southern states; it was so important to the
Southern economy, it was called “King Cotton”
“King Cotton” had transformed the South into
a rural region with many plantations, but with
little manufacturing and few railroads
The Southern
plantation owners
depended heavily
on slavery to
harvest and
process cotton
While the South was very rural, the Northern
states were more industrialized and urban; the
North did not have a great need for slaves
The South,
however, DID
rely on
slavery; this
issue of
slavery would
create tension
between the
North and
South
The differences between the North and South
led to sectionalism, which is placing the
interests of a region (or section) of a country
above the interests of the whole country
Between 1820 and 1850,
sectionalism between the
North and South was mild;
their differences were
solved by compromise
In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the
Wilmot Proviso: this stated that slavery would be
illegal in any new lands the U.S. gained from Mexico
Anti-slavery Northern states were in favor of
the Wilmot Proviso, while the pro-slavery
South was against it
“Abolitionists” are people who want to
completely get rid of (or abolish) slavery
The “Free Soil Party” were not abolitionists
because they did not think Congress had the
power to end slavery; Free Soilers were against the
expansion of slavery into the West
Arguments about
slavery between
the North and
South began to
get more heated
in the 1850s
In the state of Illinois, an unknown Republican
named Abraham Lincoln ran against Democrat
Stephen Douglas for a Senate seat
The topic of their debates was over the spread
of slavery in the new territories; Lincoln
adopted the policy of the Free Soil Party and
was against the spread of slavery
The idea of
“popular
sovereignty”
means that the
people of a state
or region make
decisions for
themselves by
voting
The Compromise of 1850 settled the sectional dispute
over slavery for a time; with the Compromise, Henry
Clay was hoping to avoid civil war over slavery
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
(2) Following the idea of
popular sovereignty, the
people of Utah and New
Mexico could vote
to allow or ban slavery
(SOUTH LIKES THIS)
(1) The slave trade
ended in Washington DC
(NORTH LIKES THIS)
(4) A stronger Fugitive Slave
Law was created that allowed
Southerners to recapture
(3) California entered
slaves in the North
as a free state
(SOUTH LIKES THIS)
(NORTH LIKES THIS)
“The
Underground
Railroad” was
not actually
underground nor
was it a railroad;
it was the
nickname for the
network of safe
houses to help
Southern slaves
escape North to
freedom
Harriet Tubman was the most famous
“conductor” of the Underground Railroad,
making 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to
freedom using the network of safe houses
In 1852, Harriet
Beecher Stowe
wrote “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin”, a book that
depicted slavery as a
terrible moral evil
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
inspired many
Northerners to join
the abolitionist
cause
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand.
I believe this government
cannot endure, permanently
half slave and half free.”
—Abraham Lincoln, 1858
RESULTS OF THE DRED SCOTT LAWSUIT
(1) Southerners were
pleased because the
court said that Blacks
were not citizens and
had no rights, including
the right to sue
(2) The Missouri
Compromise was ruled
unconstitutional
(3) Northern abolitionists
were furious
STEPHEN DOUGLAS’ KANSASNEBRASKA ACT OF 1854
This law used popular sovereignty to allow
residents of the new territories (Kansas and
Nebraska) to vote on banning or approving slavery;
the old Missouri Compromise was ended by this
Northerners were
outraged by the KansasNebraska Act, since
Congress allowed slavery
to spread in an area
where it had been
outlawed
Northerners formed the
Republican Party and
became committed to
the “Free Soil”
movement
Abolitionist John
Brown wanted to
lead a slave rebellion
in the South
Brown and his people
raided an armory at
Harper’s Ferry to get the
weapons for the rebellion
He was caught and executed
Brown was seen
as martyr in the
North and as a
criminal in the
South
Southerners believed all Northerners
were like Brown and would use
violence to end slavery, so
Southerners made life even tougher
for their slaves
The election of the
Republican Abraham Lincoln
as President of the U.S. made
Southerners push for
secession from the Union
“Secession” is when a state
breaks away from the country
Southerners feared Lincoln
would make slavery illegal, so
they seceded from the U.S.
South Carolina seceded first; by early 1861, seven
Southern states had seceded and formed the
Confederate States of America
The South
justified
secession with
the North by
saying that since
each state
voluntarily had
joined the Union,
states had the
right to leave the
Union if they
wanted to
These seven states seceded
by February 1861: Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
and South Carolina
Lincoln viewed Southern secession as illegal and
promised to “preserve the Union”; he would not
allow the South to break away without a fight
In April 1861, Union soldiers refused
Fort Sumter
Confederate
demands to vacate Fort
Sumter in South Carolina
When Lincoln sent aid to those Union
soldiers at Fort Sumter, the
Confederates fired on the fort
The attack on Fort Sumter proved to be
the beginning of the Civil War
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR
(1)The larger
population in the
North meant more
troops
(2) The North had far
greater industrial capacity
(to make more weapons,
ammunition, etc.)
(3) The North had a huge railroad network, so they could
move troops and supplies to where they were needed
much faster than the South could
NORTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR
(1) To win this war, the
North had to invade
the South; the South
had “home field”
advantage
(2) It was difficult to
maintain enthusiasm
and support among
the Northern
population over a long
period of time
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR
(1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis knew that the South
did not have to win the war by conquering the North; they
only had to drag out the war and make the North quit fighting
Robert E. Lee “Stonewall” Jackson J.E.B. Stuart
(2) The South had better
fighters and better leaders;
they also had motivation to
protect their homes
(3) Because they wanted
Southern cotton, France and
England appeared more likely
to support the South
SOUTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR
(1) The South
is badly
outnumbered
by the North
(2) The South
did not have
the industrial
capacity or
railroad system
the North had
THE “ANACONDA” PLAN
(1) Take control
of the
Mississippi
River, splitting
the Southern
states from the
Western
territories
(3) Take the Confederate
capital at Richmond
(2) Blockade the Southern coast, cutting off
Confederate trade with England and France
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
New weapons
included long-range
artillery and the
Gatling gun (the first
machine gun)
Cone-shaped bullets
and grooved rifle
barrels led to better
accuracy
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
Ironclad ships
were a new
innovation in
naval warfare
(the battle
between the
Union’s Monitor
and the
Confederacy’s
Virginia was the
first battle
between
ironclad ships)
The ironclad ships could ram
wooden ships, resist cannon fire,
and resist burning… but they were
much slower than wooden ships
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
Old tactics (like massed formations and frontal
assaults) combined with these newer, deadlier
weapons led to massive loss of life on both sides
The Battle of
New Orleans was
a crushing blow
to the South;
from that point,
the Union forces
controlled the
Mississippi River
and split the
Southern forces
from each other
New Orleans,
1862 (USA)
The Battle of
Antietam was the
single bloodiest
day of the Civil
War, with neither
side gaining
ground but both
sides having a
total of 23,000
casualties
After this battle, Lincoln decided the time was
right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation,
which stated that the North’s goal was to free all
slaves in the Southern states
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863:
Robert E. Lee decided to take
advantage of his victory at
Chancellorsville and attack
Northern soil; Lee wanted to
end the war quickly by
crushing Union morale
The Confederates lost the
Battle of Gettysburg, which
proved to be the turning point
of the war: Lee was halted,
the South gave up on the idea
of invading the North
After this battle, Lincoln made an inspirational
speech that would be called the Gettysburg Address
“The Declaration of Independence
shows the principles of freedom that
our government was founded upon.”
“This Civil War is a test to see if these
principles will last, because other
republics have failed.”
“We need to make sure that the
Union wins the Civil War in order to
preserve our form of government.”
Clara Barton worked as a nurse on the battlefield
during the Civil War; she later founded the American
Red Cross, which helps victims of wars and disasters
Abraham Lincoln
suspended the writ of
“habeus corpus”
(which protects
people from unlawful
imprisonment) during
the Civil War; he did
so to prevent the
border slave state of
Maryland from
leaving the Union
Confederate
President Jefferson
Davis had a difficult
time during the war:
because state rights
were so strong in the
South, the Southern
governors could
refuse Davis’ requests
to draft soldiers or
send money
To finance the
war, Lincoln
began the first
ever income tax
on Americans’
earnings
Black soldiers fighting for the Union Army in Civil
War faced discrimination, were paid less than
White soldiers, and were more likely to be killed
than Whites (higher mortality rate)
General Grant and General Sherman
considered “total war” necessary to
defeat the South; Sherman targeted
not only Southern soldiers, but
civilians, too
Using the “scorched earth” policy,
Sherman’s forces left a trail of
destruction as they advanced; the Battle
of Atlanta ended in the city’s destruction
The victory in the Battle of Atlanta gave
Northern morale a huge boost and led to
Lincoln being re-elected
Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general, surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant, the Union general, at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia; this ended the Civil War
The North’s celebration was cut short when John Wilkes
Booth, a well-known stage actor and pro-slavery
Southerner, shot Lincoln in the head as he watched a play;
Lincoln died several hours later
The 13th
Amendment
abolished slavery,
making it illegal
The 14th
Amendment
defined citizenship
and established civil
rights for all citizens
The 15th
Amendment gave
all AfricanAmerican males the
right to vote
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
(1) Southern
states must ratify
the 13th
Amendment
(2) Southern
states must ratify
the 15th
Amendment
(3) Southern
states must
rewrite their state
constitution
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
This was also known as
“Radical Republican
Reconstruction”
Its goals: (1) divide the
South into military districts
occupied by Union soldiers
(2) The South had to ratify
the 14th Amendment
(3) The Freedman’s Bureau
was established
THE COMPROMISE OF 1877
In the 1876 election,
neither candidate won a
majority of the electoral
college vote
Democrats in Congress
agreed to vote for the
Republican Rutherford B.
Hayes if Union troops would
be removed from the South
Both sides agreed, and the
Compromise of 1877 ended
Reconstruction
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
Review created by
Christopher Jaskowiak