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Essential Question: What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to 1863? Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War Secession The failed Crittenden inCompromise the South in 1860 Lincoln’s election led to secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean “civil war” Fort Sumter, South Carolina Two things had to happen first: One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South The North had to use its military to protect the Union Upper South didthe notU.S. view Some The Northerners thought Lincoln’s election a death sentence would be better off as if the South & did not secede immediately was allowed to peacefully secede SC seceded on The entire Deep South Dec 20,1860 seceded by Feb 1861 “Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding The Decision to Secede What is the “United States”? The Southern decision to secede was based on old arguments: Individuals the right to own property The USA was ahave “compact between states,” not (slaves) & have to have their a national gov’t “abovethe theright states” propertystates returned Slavefreely Law) Therefore, could (Fugitive leave the Union & peacefully States’ rights must be protected as a guarantee of liberty Southerners had threatened secession during a Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis of 1832, & the crisis over California in 1850 The CSA constitution resembled the of U.S., but Secession & the Formation the with 4 key changes: (1) it the protected states’ On Feb 4, 1861, Confederate Confederate States of America rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced States of America were formed God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president The Deep South Secedes Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden Compromise to lure the South back into the Union: offered to extend the Missouri Compromise Allow for peaceful separation…OR… line to the Pacific to preserveamendment the Unionto promisedfight a Constitutional protect slavery Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the compromise leaving North with 2 Lincoln rejected it the The South rejected it choices…he was because committed to free soil because they had created a new nation Fort Sumter, South Carolina In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War The attack ralliedof & unified the North for war Effects Fort Sumter Civil War was not technically between slave states & free states (the “border states” of MO, KY, DE, MD did not secede) Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression by the North & joined the CSA Adjusting to Total War Northern Advantages At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages: Larger population for troops Greater industrial capacity Huge edge in RR transportation Problem for the North: Had to invade the South to win Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861 Southern Advantages Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only hadCotton” to drag out the fight “King diplomacy & make the North quit Had the best military leaders England &“Stonewall” France appearedJ.E.B. more Robert E the SouthStuart Lee willing to support Jackson Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan Southern strategy was an “offensive defense”: Take the CSA capital drag control out the war & strategically attack the Take of the at Richmond North toRiver destroy Northern morale Mississippi Ulysses Grant in the West Divide the West from South Blockade the Southern coast George McClellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac Political Leadership During the Civil War Lincoln expanded his powers: declared martial law imprisoned “subversives” briefly closed down a few newspapers Davis was less effective: concerned mainly with military duties neglected the economy obstructed by state governors who resisted conscription The Diplomatic Struggle From 1861 to 1862, the South used “cotton diplomacy” to get England & France to aid them: Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England to do so 1st England offered “belligerent” status to the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off policy By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy failed because Egyptian & Indian cotton filled the European demand Fighting the Civil War From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership & the Southern defensive strategy The Civil War 1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on The U.S. & CSA forces fought to a July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson single bloodiest day of the Civil War Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; of women Fighting War” Cone-shaped bullets “Total &A number as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA) grooved riflesthe also Theserved Civilbarrel War was world’s 1st “total Massive frontal assaults and massed war” in which the entire economy was Repeating rifles & formations with as many as 100,000 soldiers devoted to winning: the Gatling gun North & South drafted soldiers Shrapnel, booby traps, North & South employed female workers to & land mines meet supply demands New weapons, old tactics, & sheer numbers of troops in battle led to massive casualties Women’s most prominent role were as nurses on the battlefield: distributing medical supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering comfort to wounded or dying soldiers Battle of the Ironclads (1862): CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile Casualties of the Civil War Essential Question: What factors helped the North turn the tide of the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a Union victory in 1865? The draft was unpopular among Southern Mobilizing the Home Fronts governors & Northern, antiwar “Copperheads” Both the North & South faced problems supporting the war: Both sides began running out of troops; in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft) Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9,000% in the South) The Coming of Emancipation At the beginning of the war, the North was fighting to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipation Congress refused a gradual plan Many thought immediate freedom for slaves would lure England & France into alliance Southern victories pressured the North to “strike back” "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that." —Abraham Lincoln, 1862 The Emancipation Proclamation Union “success” at Antietam led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863: Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate territories This did not free a single slave but it gave the North a new reason fight the Civil War Inspired slaves to flee North Pushed for the 13th Amendment Passed after the Civil War ended Emancipation in 1863 The border states could keep their slaves (until 13th amendment passed in 1865) The Tide Turns in 1863 By early 1863, the North & South both New York City Draft Riot faced morale problems: South—economic & diplomatic collapse, runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight North—consistent losses against Lee, draft riots in NYC, anti-war “Copperheads” played on war failures & racial anxieties Fight to the Finish But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of the North: Northern supremacy in industry & manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200,000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effort Grant began a siege on Richmond and… Due to Grant’s success in the west, In Lincoln July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg made Grant supreme commander & of gained control of the Mississippi River Union army in 1864; Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on all fronts The Civil War Lee ledSherman an attackbegan into the William hisNorth, lostsea” at Gettysburg; 1st “march but to the (Atlanta to North’s Savannah) real victoryofinmilitary the eastvalue & destroyed everything Now we are engaged in a It But, is rather in a larger for us sense, to be —that The world we here will highly little Gettysburg Address great civil war, testing here we can dedicated notthese dedicate, todead the resolve note or long that remember whether that nation, or any Four score and seven we great can task not remaining consecrate, what shall we not say have here, died but in it nation so conceived and so years ago our we before can us—that not hallow from this vain—that can dedicated, never can forget this longnation, endure. what forefathers brought We are met on a great these ground. honored For the dead brave wea under they did God, here. shall It have isbattlefor forth thiswar. continent, field on of that We have take men, increased living and devotion dead, new us the birth living, of freedom— rather, to come atonew dedicate a portion of nation, tothat who that struggled cause for here, which be and dedicated that government here to the of field, as a final resting conceived in Liberty, have they consecrated the lastwhich it full far place for those who here unfinished thegave people, work by the and dedicated to the gavewho their lives that that measure above our ofand poor devotion— power they people, fought for the here proposition thatItall nation might live. is to add or detract. people, have thus shall far not so perish nobly altogether fitting andequal. proper men are created from advanced. the earth. that we should do this. Election of 1864 Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough reelection in 1864 against General George McClellan: War failures were a key issue Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln from the ticket But, when Atlanta fell during Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” Lincoln regained support and was address, overwhelmingly In his 2nd inaugural Lincolnreelected promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all” Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865 In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside Richmond; Lee was cut off from the South On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of Civil War The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth Effects of the War Effects of the War Social changes: 618,000 troops were dead Women in both the North & South were forced to take on more non-domestic roles 13th Amendment ended slavery Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in Civil War Ended the Southern argument over Effects of the War nullification & states’ rights Political changes: The Civil War established that the national gov’t is supreme over the states With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies, & a national banking system Conclusions The turning point of the war: 1863 The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued) The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South