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Reconstruction & the South SS8H6c Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau, sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators, and the Ku Klux Klan After the War Georgia and the rest of the former CSA lay in ruins Houses badly run down or destroyed Railroad tracks twisted; bridges burned Cotton mills & factories closed or burned People were starving Many banks were closed Confederacy war debt of $700 million Georgia in debt for $20 million The Freedmen Thousands of freedmen (former slaves) faced great hardships Most had just the clothes on their backs New relationships had to be formed between whites & former slaves Blacks fearful of reenslavement Whites unable to accept former slaves as equals The Freedmen’s Bureau Original purpose: to help both former slaves & poor whites recover after the war Offered food, clothing & other necessities Focus changed to the “freedmen” Focus on education + education programs 4,000 primary schools 64 industrial schools 74 teacher-training institutes Atlanta University, Morehouse College, Clark College Reconstruction Lincoln wanted to rebuild the South & restore the southern states to the Union as quickly and easily as possible (10% Plan) Two step process 1) 2) All southerners (except highranking civil & military leaders) would be pardoned after taking oath of allegiance to the U.S. When 10% of voters in each state took the oath, state would be allowed to form a legal government & rejoin the union Typical oath of loyalty Citizens would pledge loyalty to the US Government, and would follow/accept all laws passed during the Civil War, including the 13th Amendment Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Confederate states that seceded should be treated like a conquered country Lincoln saw this as an attempt to punish the south & refused to sign it in to law Proved that Congress and many northerners wanted to punish the south Assassination of President Lincoln Famous actor & southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln as he and his wife attend a play at Ford’s Theater Lincoln shot behind the left ear at the exact moment of the loudest part of the play allows Booth to escape fairly easily Lincoln’s injury shortly discovered and he is taken across the street to a boarding house where he dies the next morning Booth is cornered and shot in a farmhouse 2 weeks later Does more harm than good to the south Lincoln no longer around to protect the south from Radical Republicans who sought to punish the south Ford’s Theater & the place where Lincoln died John Wilkes Booth Lincoln & Johnson Andrew Johnson becomes President Johnson the Vice President, and a former Democrat from North Carolina, becomes the President following Lincoln’s assassination He is responsible for seeing through Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction He uses Lincoln’s plan but adds a few of his own ideas Expanded the groups of Southerners who would receive a pardon Congress works with Johnson at first but begins to worry that the rights of the freedmen will be taken away by him. Johnson reluctantly agrees to add more requirements 1) 2) 3) Southern states had to approve the 13th Amendment Southern states had to nullify their ordinances of secession Southern states had to promise not to repay people/institution that helped finance the Confederacy Thirteenth Amendment Outlawed slavery Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Reconstruction in Georgia Pres. Johnson appoints Provisional Governors to each southern state James Johnson, former antisecession state congressman appointed Georgia’s Governor Constitutional Convention of 1865 Ratification of 13th Amendment Georgia readmitted to the Union States must re-write constitutions and submit to President for approval before a new Governor could be elected Elect 2 U.S. Senators: Alexander Stephens & Herschel Johnson General Assembly votes to extend (limited) civil rights to the freedmen Black Codes Black Codes 13th Amendment abolishes slavery, but not discrimination Most Southern states pass “Black Codes”—laws limiting political and civil rights of former slaves Controlled types of employment Whipping as a punishment Labor periods: sunrise to sunset 6 days a week Imprisonment of jobless blacks Cannot vote or serve on a jury Interracial marriages prohibited The Radical Republicans in Congress were FURIOUS and take control of Reconstruction from Pres. Johnson and Johnson is ALMOST removed from office…oops! 14th Amendment – Congressional reaction to the Black Codes Congress passes the 14th Amendment …No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United Stats; nor shall any State dprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. All southern states (except Tennessee) refuse to sign Reconstruction started over basically with these states being removed from the Union and occupied by the military These states had to sign the 14th amendment, write a NEW constitution, and allow ALL men to vote Some former Confederate solders were not allowed to vote, but all former slaves were. When all of this was done, Georgia was re-admitted. Carpetbaggers & Scalawags and the Constitutional Convention of 1867 Georgians voted for/against constitutional convention & delegates at capital in Milledgeville African Americans were denied rooms at Milledgeville hotels First time that African American males voted in Georgia 169 delegates elected 12 were conservative whites 9 were Carpetbaggers (northerners who moved south after the war) 36 were African Americans Most were scalawags (southerners who supported the Republicans) Gen. Pope orders that the convention be moved to Atlanta Many accomplishments Leads to the city becoming the permanent capital New constitution gives civil rights to all citizens Free public education for all children Allowed married women to control their own property (1st state to do so) New constitution approved in April 1868 & Rufus Bullock elected Gov. GA readmitted to the Union Cartoons depicting Carpetbaggers Elected Blacks expelled from the General Assembly, the KKK and Reconstruction (again!) 29 African Americans, including Henry McNeal Turner (leader of the black legislators) were elected to the General Assembly in 1868 The KKK began in Tenn. as a social club for returning soldiers, but quickly changed to a force of terror All were expelled from the G.A. on the grounds that while the GA Constitution gave blacks the right to vote, it did not specifically give them the right to hold office At the same time, the KKK (Ku Klux Klan) became a force in GA Kuklos in Greek = circle Klan = family/friends Terrorized and intimidated African Americans to keep them from voting Numerous reports of beatings, whippings and murders Pressure also put on whites to support Democratic candidates Hostilities between whites & blacks high, and many conflicts begin Gov. Bullock appeals to Washington for help Elected Blacks expelled from the General Assembly, the KKK and Reconstruction (again!) U.S. Congress passes the Georgia Act in 1869 GA under military rule again (re-Reconstruction) through Gen. Alfred Terry & Gov. Bullock allowed to be provisional Governor GA must ratify 15th Amendment in order to rejoin Union The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. GA readmitted to Union (for the last time) in July 1870 Only after: Democrats regained both houses of the General Assembly Ratifying 15th Amendment Reinstating African American General Assembly members Governor Bullock (R) resigned rather than being impeached Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 Militia members were sent out to arrest KKK members leads to the decline of the KKK The KKK in Georgia In response to the Leo Frank case, the KKK is revived in Georgia Klansmen meet on top of Stone Mountain in 1915 and light a cross on fire to signify that the Klan is back in Georgia Economic Reconstruction: Sharecropping Planters & Farmers needed laborers Former slaves & landless whites needed jobs Sharecropping Landowners provide Land A house Farming tools & animals, seed and fertilizers Workers give landowners a share of the harvest Until workers sold their crops, owners often let them have food, medicine, clothing and supplies at high prices on credit Credit was their undoing Many often did not make enough to cover credit & new needs; and many were taken advantage of by dishonest landowners Most had little hope of being able to save enough to buy their own land and equipment Legal slavery? Economic Reconstruction: Tenant Farming Tenant Farming similar to Sharecropping At the end of the year, tenant farmers either paid the landowner a set amount of cash or an agreed-upon share of the crop Tenants usually owned some agricultural equipment & farm animals They bought their own seed and fertilizer Some even made a small profit Both systems still allowed landowners to keep their farms in operation without having to spend money for labor Not so good for the landowners Even though it seemed as if landowners were profiting without risk through sharecropping & tenant farming, this wasn’t the case Many did not have the tools, seeds, fertilizers, etc., so they took out loans, with the crops as the backing Crops often were not profitable enough to pay off the interest on the loans Over-planting had a devastating effect on the soil and therefore on crops The poor get poorer… Growth of Business, Industry, Railroads & Shipping. Atlanta rises from the ashes like the great Phoenix Resurgens = rise again 1847 = first charter 1865 = beginning of reconstruction