Download Lincoln`s Union - Loyola Blakefield

THEME: The North effectively
brought to bear its long term
advantages of industrial might and
human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the
South. The war helped organize and
modernize northern society, while
the South, despite heroic efforts, was
economically and socially crushed.
16.1 The Civil War Begins
Objectives:
A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies
to win the war?
Lincoln’s Union (?)
• March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s
Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX,
LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC
• Lincoln’s inaugural address:
“Physically speaking, we cannot
separate.”
• Why?
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
CAUSES:
• Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of
Charleston, SC
• Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on
• Compromise?
Lincoln would provision garrison,
but not reinforce it.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl
Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.
Fort Sumter Flag
Note that there are 33 stars.
Why is that important?
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
EFFECTS:
• April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter,
• Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours
• NORTH: unifies and settles in for a long fight,
volunteers enlist, blockade begins
• SOUTH: Becomes aggressor, boosts
overconfidence
• BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by South,
therefore, most stay with the Union
Lincoln’s Cause:
UNION, NOT ABOLITION.
WHY?
Lincoln cannot loose of Southern Ohio, Indiana, &
Illinois NOR the Border States.
“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to
lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot
hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all
against us. And the job on our hands is too large
for us. We would as well consent to separation at
once, including surrender of this capital.”
http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html
Lee with his son after the surrender
Lee with his son after the surrender
After opposing secession, General Robert
E. Lee accepted a commission in the
Confederate army and commanded the
Army of Northern Virginia for most of
the war. Photographer Mathew Brady
took this picture of Lee (center), his son
Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his
aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight
days after Lee's surrender to General
Grant. The forlorn expression on the
general's face vividly demonstrates the
agony of defeat. (Library of Congress)
Why is General Robert E. Lee an example
of the importance of the border states?
Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862
Photographed by David Bachrach
MHS Library, Special Collections Department
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32
“After the riots of
1861, Baltimore
illustrated the
nation’s divided
sympathies. If you
were for the
Confederacy, it was
an occupied city. If
you favored the
Union, General
Butler and his
troops were
protecting the city
from the rebels.
Legend reports
that the fort’s
troops enjoyed
pointing out to
nervous locals that
the cannons were
aimed at the
Washington
Monument, located
in the center of the
city, in case of
insurrection.”
Maryland, My Maryland
– I
The despot's heel is on thy shore,
– Maryland!
His torch is at thy temple door,
– Maryland!
Avenge the patriotic gore
That flecked the streets of
Baltimore,
And be the battle queen of yore,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
– VI
Dear Mother! burst the
tyrant's chain,
– Maryland!
Virginia should not call in
vain,
– Maryland!
She meets her sisters on the
plain"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud
refrain
That baffles minions back
again,
– Maryland!
Arise in majesty again,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
NORTH
Reasons
for Fighting
Advantages/
Strengths
Disadvantages/
Weaknesses
Military Strategy
Battle
Victories
SOUTH
Balance of Power
SOUTH
• Defensive Strategy
• Better officers
•
•
•
•
•
Military Culture
King Cotton
Limited transportation
Limited manufacturing
Limited population
(slave revolution?)
NORTH
• Offensive Strategy
• Incompetent/Hesitant
Officers
• Urban culture
• Extensive ports&
transportation system
• Extensive Manufacturing
• Immigration/Population
booming
WAR STRATEGIES
THE NORTH’S
“ANACONDA” PLAN
1. Naval blockade of
Southern ports
2. Control the Mississippi
and split Confederacy in
two
3. Capture Richmond, the
Confederate Capital
THE SOUTH’S PLAN
1. Fight a defensive war
2. Secure recognition and
support from Europe
3. Negotiate an armistice
Scott's Great Snake
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power
by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In
this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the
Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Bull Run (1st Manassas)
& 90 Day War
•
•
•
•
Optimism runs high, on both sides:
Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days
Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run.
Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson
holds and Southern reinforcements win the field.
• Union drive to Richmond ends in a humiliating retreat to
DC
EFFECTS:
1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA
2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.
3. Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints
George McClellan commander.