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A Nation Divided Against Itself Objective: • Evaluate the final catalysts that sparked the Civil War. The Election of 1860 • As the election approached, it became clear of two things – 1. The majority of Northerners would not accept leadership by a Southerner – 2. The Southerners announced that they would not accept a leader from the antislavery Republicans • So who would. . .or could. . .be President? The Contenders • For the Democrats: Delaware Maryland Missouri Kentucky From the South Pro Slavery From the North Popular Sovereignty Represented the Border states Moderate For the Republicans… The Election • No longer national political parties – The division between North and South was beyond repair • Southern Ballots were between Bell and Breckinridge • Northerners voted for Lincoln or Douglas The Results The Lower South Secedes • Southerners were outraged – Secessionists, those who wanted the South to leave the Union • Join voluntarily, leave voluntarily • Knew Republicans could legally get rid of slavery • December 20, 1860: SC secedes The Confederate States of America • Shortly after SC seceded, the other Lower South States followed • Created a new nation: • The Confederate States of America (the Confederacy) – Jefferson Davis Attempt for Prevention • Last-Minute compromises fail: – Sen. John J Crittenden (KY) proposed a plan where slavery would be recognized under 36°30’ N • President-Elect Lincoln convinced the Senate to reject it – Horace Greeley proposed letting the states secede in peace • Offended Union supporter and businessmen – How could the US continue to function if its members could come and go as they please? Lincoln Becomes President • At his inauguration, Lincoln stated: – 1) Civil war was in the hands of the people, while he was responsible to preserve, protect and defend the US – 2) He would not attack the South, if a war was going to start he would let them be the aggressors – 3) Promised to defend the property of the Government Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter : Union fort off Charleston, SC – The CSA had fired on supply ships – Lincoln attempts aid – CSA calls for the surrender of Fort Sumter • April 12, 1861: Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard fires on the fort – Sumter is forced to Surrender The War Begins – Lincoln calls for troops to prepare for war, – The South views this as a hostile act--declaring war on the US – The Upper South Secedes and joins the 8 states of the Confederacy (12 in all) Question: Could the Union be restored through force? In Review: • How did the election of 1860 demonstrate the split between the North and the South? • What concerns led the Lower South to secede from the Union? • What event started the Civil War?