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RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 3
Reconstruction was….
The
federal government’s
controversial effort to
1. repair the damage to the
South and
2. to restore southern states
to the Union
Timing of Reconstruction
Lasted
from 1865-1877
would be 12 years
and involved four
presidents!
That
Physical Damage
 Farmland,
machinery, work
animals, livestock, and
buildings destroyed
 9,000 miles of railroads
 2/3 of all shipping
Ruined building in the burned
district – Richmond, VA
Ruins of a papermill and
machinery – Richmond, VA
Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill Richmond, VA
Ruins of a paper mill w/
waterwheel - Richmond, VA
Charleston, SC
April 1865
Charleston, SC
April 1865
Charleston, SC
April 1865
Atlanta, GA
April 1865
Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864
Physical Damage, cont.
Roadways,
bridges,
tunnels (infrastructure)
Miscellaneous buildings
and factories
Civil War Aftermath
1. Devastating
physical toll to the South
2. Total human casualties- over 1 million
3. Southern Hardships affected
a. Black southerners
b. Plantation owners
c. Poor white southerners
Death Tolls

Northern Death Toll

Southern Death Toll
364,000 deaths
260,000 deaths
(38,000 were African
Americans)
1/5th of all adult white
males were dead
1 out of 3 males were
killed or wounded
Consider This . . .
 Who
are the workers in the
economy?
 What
now happens to the
women and children?
Southern Hardships
 Freed
Slaves (Freedmen)
 New life in poor economic area
 Homeless
 Hungry
 Unemployed
Stay or
Go?
Southern Hardships, cont.
 Plantation
Owners
 Loss of slave labor
 Land was often seized by the
government
Southern Hardships, cont.
 Poor
White Southerners
 Competing against former slaves
(freedmen) for jobs
 Many migrated to Mississippi and
Texas for jobs
Plantation Life Changes
 Freedman
or to leave
 Plantation
now have choice – to stay
owners now have to pay
salaries for labor
Changes in Farming
Plantations divided up land &
hired people to work it
1. Sharecropping – farmer receives
a share of the crop @ harvest
time as payment
2. Tenant Farming – farmer rents
land from planter/land owner

Effects on the South
1.
2.
3.
4.
Changes in Labor Force
Focus on Cash Crops
Cycle of Debt
Rise of Merchants
Reintegrating the South
Problem #1
Determine the role
of the freedmen
Problem #2
Define the role and
acceptable power of former
Confederates within their
states and within the nation
Problem #3
Determine which branch of
government would be
responsible for overseeing
reconstruction
Vocabulary Terms
 Pardon
– forgiveness of a
crime
 Amnesty – pardons for a group
of people
Two Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
(10% Plan)
Johnson’s Plan
(Presidential
Reconstruction)
Lincoln’s Plan
1.10%
of white men to swear
allegiance to the Union &
free slaves were then
given a pardon
Lincoln’s Plan
2.Former
Confederates can
run local governments
3.10% agreement allowed
full participation in the
Union
Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS
No role
for
freed
men
identified
•
No
guarantee
of rights
or future
rights
Wade-Davis Bill
1.
Radical Republicans in Congress disagreed
with Lincoln’s plan and created the WadeDavis Bill
Primary Concerns with Lincoln’s Plan
HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS!
FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY
ON SOUTH
April 1865
• Lincoln is
assassinated
th
• 13 amendment
officially ends
slavery in all of the
United States
Lincoln Assassination
John Wilkes Booth
• Famous Actor
• Most Handsome Man in the
America
• Hated Lincoln & worked as a spy
for the south
April 14, 1865
• Booth enters box & shoots
Lincoln in the head
 Andrew
Johnson,
(southern
democrat,
former slave
owner)
administered
his own new
policy
The Johnson Plan
1.Granted amnesty to
former Confederates who
signed loyalty oath
2.Restored all property,
except slaves and
confiscated lands
Johnson’s Plan
3. Voided secession
laws and ratify the
13th amendment
4. Cancelled war
debts
Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS
More generous to the south!
1.
2.
Amnesty awarded to “certain”
southerners
Flawed election process
(blacks excluded from voting)
Consider This . . .
 Who
are not considered in the
two plans?
 What
will the freedmen do?
did the freedmen’s lives
change?
 How
Freedom
The joys of freedom…
 Freedom of movement, land
ownership, education, etc.


The realities of life…

Food, Clothing and
Shelter?
Freedmen’s Bureau
Developed to help former slaves
 Provided food, schools, legal help, etc


Unpopular with many white southerners

Vetoed
by
Johnson
Anger at being
forced to submit
to the acts of
Reconstruction
leads to defiance
 Fear of loss of
power leads to…

Black Code Sample
Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes:
The Black Codes
Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that
preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct
behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the
approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area.
1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former
owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro.
2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such
public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in
charge of the area.
3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored
people without special permission in writing from the government.
4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law.
5) Negroes may not serve on juries.
6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law.
7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person.
8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing
from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only
under the direct supervision of his employer.
9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special
written permission of his employer.
10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind
or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.
BLACK CODES
set limits on the rights and
opportunities of African Americans
 helped planters find workers to replace
freed slaves
 barred freedmen from any job but farm
work and unskilled labor
 Set curfews
 Punishments for vagrancy (not
working)

Radical Republicans in congress see the
codes as a way for white southerners to get
around the efforts of congress so…
Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
-passed by radical republicans
-state governments declared illegal
-south divided
into 5 military
districts
except Tenn.
Radical Reconstruction
To rejoin the Union:
1. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all
male citizens the right to vote
2. Elect a new government
3. No white southern who served as
conf. soldier/official could vote on new
constitution
4. Ratify the 14th Amendment
Radical Reconstruction
Civil Rights Act of 1866 – outlawed
Black Codes
Johnson vetoed bill BUT…
Congress overrode the veto!
15th
Amendment



Grants African Am.
Right to vote
Election of 1870 –
many angry white
southerners refused
to vote
More than 600 African
Americans were
elected to southern
legislatures and 16
black men were
elected to congress
Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans passed two
laws to reduce Presidential
Power
1. The Command of the Army Act
(limits presidential power over the
army)
2. The Tenure of Office Act
(removes presidential power to
fire without Senate approval)
Impeachment!
-
Congressional power growing
-
Johnson fires Sec. of War
-The House votes to “impeach” Johnson
(to accuse of
wrongdoing
and bring to
trial)
-President
escapes
removal by
only 1 vote
Impeachment Process
1.
2.
3.
House of Rep votes for
Impeachment
Trial held in the Senate w/
Senators as Jury
Trial run by Chief Justice of
Supreme Court
Southern Republicans
1. Scalawags – White southern
Republicans; most were poor
farmers who were against
leaving the Union
2. Carpetbaggers

Northern
Republicans
who moved
south. Seen as
greedy men
seeking power
and a quick
dollar. Most
were honest
and educated.
Election of 1868
Election of 1868
– Ulysses Grant
 Dem – Horatio Seymour
 Grant wins by a narrow victory
 Wins by “Waving the Bloody
Shirt”
 Rep
Rise of KKK – violent response
to Radical Reconstruction
The goal of denying AfricanAmericans their rights and keep
them in the role of submissive
laborers
Ku Klux Klan



Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate
soldiers
Members wore robes and masks to look like
the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who
returned for revenge against enemies of the
South.
Popular in the mountain and Piedmont areas
of the south
Ku Klux Klan
 Gradually
absorbed other smaller
organizations over time
 Name from the Greek word
kuklos, meaning “circle”
A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch
carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent
Monitor (1868)
The End of Reconstruction
By 1870 all Southern States were
back in the Union
Reconstruction was a dying issue
The End of Reconstruction
Why did Reconstruction end?
 Heavy taxes
 Corruption
 Lack of northern support for racial
equality
 The Solid South – Southern
Democrats reversed many of the
reforms
Election of 1876
Election of 1876
– Rutherford B. Hayes
 Dem – Samuel Tilden
 Rep
 Tilden
wins popular vote BUT
a dispute over electoral votes
Election of 1876
 The
votes for FL, LA, & SC
were in question
 Congress
chose Hayes!
 Democrats Outraged!
The Compromise of 1877
The Democrats agree to give
Rutherford B. Hayes the
presidency in return for the
removal of all federal
troops from the Southern
States
 Hayes’ removal of troops
from the south is regarded as
the end of reconstruction!
Reconstruction Successes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rebuilt Union & Repaired South
Economic Growth in South
13th, 14th, & 15th, Amendments
Freedmen’s Bureau
Public Schools - South
Reconstruction Failures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
African Am Lacked pol. power
Racism in North & South
Left Southern Bitterness
South still focus on Agriculture
Didn’t address women’s rights &
safe working conditions (north)