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• Issues with Texas: • Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana territory but it was taken away with a treaty • Jackson did not want the territory because of slavery issues and not wanting a war with Mexico • Mexico did not recognize Texas independence • Tyler fought to get it added as a slave territory……. Was NOT reelected! • Election of 1844 • Henry Clay – add Texas only • Martin van Buren – not picking a side • James K. Polk – wanted to add Texas and Oregon to the Union and buy California (maintaining balance of slave and free states) • Who do you think will win? • Polk added Oregon and Texas to the Union of the United States • Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary line • Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of California • Polk orders troops into the area of dispute (led by General Zachary Taylor) • Plan: get Mexico to shoot first and claim Mexican aggression on American soil • Success: Taylor’s men were attacked…. Polk declared war “by the act of Mexico herself”; “American blood was shed on American soil” • Master plan for war: • Taylor’s troops move South close to the Gulf of Mexico • Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe and then take control of California with the help of the Navy • Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and force Mexico to surrender • Needed 50,000 troops…… 75,000 enlisted (not good soldiers) • The first two phases were easily successful (even though California was the “Bear Flag Republic” for two weeks) • Polk now needed to capture Mexico City but he was also thinking about re-election • Polk saw General Zachary Taylor as a political threat, so he replaced him in the battle by General Winfield Scott • Scott was successful and the U.S. took control of Mexico City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles (California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming) • Rio Grande was the southern border of Texas • U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and forgave $3 million in debt • Remember…Wilmot Proviso was Tabled • Some threatening secession • North demanding abolition in DC • South demanding execution of Fugitive Slave Act • “Clay’s Compromise” • • • • • California = Free State New, more effective Fugitive Slave Act Popular Sovereignty in other Western Territories Calhoun, Douglas, and Fillmore SAVED THE NATION FROM CIVIL WAR • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – popular sovereignty in these two states • “Bleeding Kansas” – 200 people died by 1856 • "Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." • “Break the jaws of the wicked” • Led a rebellion of 18 men to seize the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA to rebel against slaveholders • Captured after 32 hrs. by Robert E. Lee and sentenced to death • Sumner was a Senator from Massachusetts (abolitionist) • Singled out South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler of being pro-slavery • Butler’s cousin (Preston Brooks) found Sumner in the Senate chamber and beat him with a cane • = violence now in government • After Franklin Pierce said that he supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he was abandoned by the Democrats and not reelected. • James Buchanan (Democrat) was elected in 1856. • Scott was a slave who moved to free territory (and back) with his owner; sued for freedom • Majority Opinion: • African-Americans were not citizens • Had no right to sue • Constitution did not ban slavery, thus… • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional • Roger B Taney – Supreme Court Chief Justice • What does the do for the slavery/abolition fight? • Lincoln – Republican • Douglas – Democrat • “A house divided against itself • “The right of the people to cannot stand. I believe this make a slave territory or a government cannot endure, free territory is perfect permanently half slave and half and complete.” free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.” • Slavery is “a moral, a social, and a political wrong” • Republican Platform: • • • • • • Opposed extension of slavery Condemned John Brown’s raid Protective tariff Cheap western lands Transcontinental railroad Citizenship for foreign immigrants • Abraham Lincoln, or Salmon P Chase, or William Seward • Democrats Split on the issue of a slavery guaranteeing law • Southern Democrat: • John C Breckenridge • Northern Democrat: • Stephen Douglas • Democrats split and Lincoln is able to win the presidency without any Southern support • Abraham Lincoln Wins • Republican • From Illinois • Store keeper • Mill hand • Rail splitter • Illinois state legislature • House of Representatives • NO proof that he ever owned slaves • Nov. 6, 1860 – Lincoln elected • By Feb. 1, 1861 – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had voted to secede US History 10 • Delegates from the seceding states met in Montgomery, AL and declared themselves an independent country – The Confederate States of America • Guaranteed slavery in the states • Banned protective tariffs • Presidency = single six year term • Jefferson Davis (MS) is elected president of the Confederacy • “The time for compromise has now passed. The South is determined to… make all who oppose her smell Southern powder and feel Southern steel.” • When Lincoln takes office: • “The Union of these States is perpetual” • “Hold, occupy, and possess” federal property that the Confederacy had seized • Confederate troops had seized supplies from Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC • Lincoln announced plans to resupply it with supplies for the North • Confederacy did not want to fire on the supply ship and start a war. • The Confederacy wanted to take control of the fort before the supply ship arrived and demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter. • The Confederacy then opened fire on the fort for over 33 hours until the North surrendered the fort. • April 12, 1861 – the Civil War had begun! • Lincoln asked for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days • By June, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee had seceded • Maryland – Lincoln instituted martial law and suspended the Writ of Habeus Corpus • Kentucky – declared neutral until Confederacy invaded; joined the Northern states • Missouri – stayed loyal to the North • West Virginia – Split with Virginia in 1863 to join the Union Legality and morality of slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott ruling John Brown’s raid Southern secession Confederates attack Fort Sumter Party differences Agriculture v. industrial • North: • • • • • President: Abe Lincoln Population – 22 million Industrial Vast railroad system Creation of paper money (greenbacks) • Conscription-forcing people into military service (like draft) • Suspends habeas corpus (cannot be held without being told what you are charged with/trial) • South: • • • • • President: Jefferson Davis Population – 9 million Agriculture One railroad Money by taxing trade (eventually paper money that would be worthless) • Began conscription and suspension of habeas corpus but received a lot of opposition (even by VP Alexander Stephens) • North: • Wanted Europe to stay completely out of the war • Soldiers from War with Mexico • Strategy: Anaconda Plan (blockade Confederate ports and the Mississippi River – slowly suffocate them to death) • South: • Wanted help from Europe (especially British Navy) • Soldiers from War with Mexico • Strategy: defensive war of attrition (forcing the North to spend its resources until tiring and negotiating) • Anaconda Plan • Offensive Defense • “Stonewall” Jackson • Northern Virginia – Northern army wants a quick victory • North successful until Confederate reinforcements come in • North ends up surrendering • Confederate victory; Lincoln asked for 500,000 more troops and offered a signing bonus • General David G. Farragut (60 years old) led the Northern Navy to capture New Orleans • North took control of the South’s largest city • Union victory • U.S. Grant (Union) had taken Fort Henry and Fort Donelson and headed to Mississippi to destroy the railway . • Confederates made a surprise attack and when asked to retreat, Grant said “Retreat? No. I propose an attack at daylight and whip them.” • Grant attacked at daybreak the next morning and General Beauregard (Confederate) retreated • Union victory; 20,000 killed • Lincoln ordered General George B. McClellan to capture Richmond, Virginia after taking control of Yorktown • He let his troops divide at the Chickahominy River • Confederate General Johnston attacked the Union and was injured; General Robert E. Lee takes his place • After a series of Lee’s attacks, the Union retreated • Confederate victory; 30,000 dead • Confederates (Led by Lee) decided to go after Washington (D.C.) • Again, Union retreats; leaves the Confederate army 20 miles away from Union capital • Confederate victory • McClellan (Union) attacked Lee’s troops in Maryland • Lee’s lines were strong but had too many casualties and had to retreat • Union victory; British dropped backing of the South • Bloodiest day in American history; 6,000 killed and 16,000 wounded • As of January 1, 1863, all slaves would be freed in states that were at war with the Union • Did not end slavery in the border states • “Our white men [are] cutting one another’s throats….But for your race among us there could not be war” Lincoln “blamed the horse for the actions of the horse stealer” “I am as much in favor for the Union as any one but I am not in favor of shedding my blood for the sake of the black tribe although I think Slavery is a ruination to our government” Put the escaped slaves to work as “contrabands of war” (First Confiscation Act) “the freedmen are sober, docile, attentive and enthusiastic, displaying great natural capacities for acquiring the duties of the soldier. They are eager beyond all things to take the field and be led into action” Permitted the government to seize all rebel property, forbade any member of the armed forces from returning fugitive slaves, and licensed the president to employ blacks in any way he deemed fit to fight the Confederacy….opened the way to the use of black troops and granted freedom to slave who joined the army. “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that” “all persons held as slaves within any state…the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward and forever free.” • Southern economy and food supply crumbling • Northern economy hits a boom • Women: keep up the house, join work force, nurse • 180,000 African Americans joined Union army; 15,000 joined Union Navy • Soldier food: potatoes, beans, and hardtack • Disease and infection • Confederacy announced that they would re-enslave or execute African-American prisoners of war • Lincoln called off ALL prisoners exchanges • Andersonville (southwest Georgia) – 13,000/45,000 prisoners died (Henry Wirz – only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War) • Lincoln: • • • • Fired McClellan Fired Burnside Fired Hooker Hired Meade • Lee’s army headed to Gettysburg, PA to get a supply of shoes; met by Union forces • Pickett’s Charge (South) met Union forces • 23,000 Union deaths • 28,000 Confederate deaths • Confederacy retreated on July 4, 1863 • Union victory • The Union now had control of New Orleans and Memphis; if they could capture Vicksburg, MS, they could cut the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River • Grant sent troops down the middle of the river to distract the Confederates from where the Union was heading. • After a two day siege at Vicksburg, the Confederacy surrendered • Union victory • Lincoln dedicated the battleground as a military cemetery • Reinforces the Union’s mission to maintain the union • Union victory • Union now had the Mississippi River and eastern Tennessee • Focus now on Georgia • Task given to General William Tecumseh Sherman • Grant appointed general in chief of the Union forces (first since George Washington) • Sherman first took his men South of Atlanta and destroyed the railroads • Sherman Neckties • Sherman ordered Atlanta to be evacuated • “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of the war” • 1/3 of Atlanta would burn • November 1864 • Sherman slashed-andburned his way from Atlanta to Savannah and then back up to South Carolina • “Here is where treason began… here is where it shall end.” • Lincoln (Republican) was up for re-election • George B. McClellan (Democrat) would run against him saying that he would negotiate with the South to end the war • Lincoln won with 55% of the popular vote • January 1865, Lincoln proposed and got passed the 13 Amendment – banning slavery in ALL of the United States • Lee (Confederacy) surrendered to Grant (Union) at Appomattox Courthouse. • South were to surrender their weapons and return home • South could keep animals and were given food • Unconditional surrender to the Union • Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth • Part of a plan to assassinate Lincoln, Johnson, Seward, and Grant • “The South Shall live!”