Download THE CIVIL WAR

• Issues with Texas:
• Jefferson claimed it with the Louisiana territory but it was taken away with
a treaty
• Jackson did not want the territory because of slavery issues and not
wanting a war with Mexico
• Mexico did not recognize Texas independence
• Tyler fought to get it added as a slave territory……. Was NOT reelected!
• Election of 1844
• Henry Clay – add Texas only
• Martin van Buren – not picking a side
• James K. Polk – wanted to add Texas and Oregon to the Union and buy
California (maintaining balance of slave and free states)
• Who do you think will win?
• Polk added Oregon and Texas to the Union of the United States
• Mexico and the U.S. disputed the boundary line
• Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of California
• Polk orders troops into the area of dispute (led by General
Zachary Taylor)
• Plan: get Mexico to shoot first and claim Mexican aggression on American
soil
• Success: Taylor’s men were attacked…. Polk declared war “by the act of
Mexico herself”; “American blood was shed on American soil”
• Master plan for war:
• Taylor’s troops move South close to the Gulf of Mexico
• Another set of troops should capture Santa Fe and then take control of
California with the help of the Navy
• Last set of troops were to go to Mexico City and force Mexico to
surrender
• Needed 50,000 troops…… 75,000 enlisted (not good soldiers)
• The first two phases were easily successful (even though
California was the “Bear Flag Republic” for two weeks)
• Polk now needed to capture Mexico City but he was also
thinking about re-election
• Polk saw General Zachary Taylor as a political threat, so he
replaced him in the battle by General Winfield Scott
• Scott was successful and the U.S. took control of Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
• Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles (California, Utah, Nevada, New
Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming)
• Rio Grande was the southern border of Texas
• U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and forgave $3 million in debt
• Remember…Wilmot Proviso was Tabled
• Some threatening secession
• North demanding abolition in DC
• South demanding execution of Fugitive Slave Act
• “Clay’s Compromise”
•
•
•
•
•
California = Free State
New, more effective Fugitive Slave Act
Popular Sovereignty in other Western Territories
Calhoun, Douglas, and Fillmore
SAVED THE NATION FROM CIVIL WAR
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – popular sovereignty in these
two states
• “Bleeding Kansas” – 200 people died by 1856
• "Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for
the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood
further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose
rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments,
I say, let it be done."
• “Break the jaws of the
wicked”
• Led a rebellion of 18
men to seize the arsenal
at Harper’s Ferry, VA to
rebel against
slaveholders
• Captured after 32 hrs.
by Robert E. Lee and
sentenced to death
• Sumner was a Senator from Massachusetts (abolitionist)
• Singled out South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler of being pro-slavery
• Butler’s cousin (Preston Brooks) found Sumner in the Senate chamber and
beat him with a cane
• = violence now in government
• After Franklin Pierce said
that he supported the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, he
was abandoned by the
Democrats and not reelected.
• James Buchanan
(Democrat) was elected
in 1856.
• Scott was a slave who
moved to free territory
(and back) with his
owner; sued for freedom
• Majority Opinion:
• African-Americans were
not citizens
• Had no right to sue
• Constitution did not ban
slavery, thus…
• Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional
• Roger B Taney –
Supreme Court Chief
Justice
• What does the do for
the slavery/abolition
fight?
• Lincoln – Republican
• Douglas – Democrat
• “A house divided against itself
• “The right of the people to
cannot stand. I believe this
make a slave territory or a
government cannot endure,
free territory is perfect
permanently half slave and half
and complete.”
free. I do not expect the Union
to be dissolved. I do not expect
the house to fall but I do expect
it will cease to be divided. It
will become all one thing, or all
the other.”
• Slavery is “a moral, a social,
and a political wrong”
• Republican Platform:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Opposed extension of slavery
Condemned John Brown’s raid
Protective tariff
Cheap western lands
Transcontinental railroad
Citizenship for foreign
immigrants
• Abraham Lincoln, or Salmon
P Chase, or William Seward
• Democrats Split on the issue
of a slavery guaranteeing
law
• Southern Democrat:
• John C Breckenridge
• Northern Democrat:
• Stephen Douglas
• Democrats split and
Lincoln is able to win the
presidency without any
Southern support
• Abraham Lincoln Wins
• Republican
• From Illinois
• Store keeper
• Mill hand
• Rail splitter
• Illinois state legislature
• House of Representatives
• NO proof that he ever owned
slaves
• Nov. 6, 1860 – Lincoln
elected
• By Feb. 1, 1861 – South
Carolina, Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and
Texas had voted to
secede
US History 10
• Delegates from the seceding states met in Montgomery, AL and
declared themselves an independent country – The Confederate
States of America
• Guaranteed slavery in the states
• Banned protective tariffs
• Presidency = single six year term
• Jefferson Davis (MS) is
elected president of the
Confederacy
• “The time for compromise
has now passed. The South
is determined to… make
all who oppose her smell
Southern powder and feel
Southern steel.”
• When Lincoln takes
office:
• “The Union of these States
is perpetual”
• “Hold, occupy, and
possess” federal property
that the Confederacy had
seized
• Confederate troops had seized supplies from Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SC
• Lincoln announced plans to resupply it with supplies for the
North
• Confederacy did not want to fire on the supply ship and start a
war.
• The Confederacy wanted to take control of the fort before the
supply ship arrived and demanded the surrender of Fort
Sumter.
• The Confederacy then opened fire on the fort for over 33 hours
until the North surrendered the fort.
• April 12, 1861 – the Civil War had begun!
• Lincoln asked for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days
• By June, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee had
seceded
• Maryland – Lincoln instituted martial law and suspended the
Writ of Habeus Corpus
• Kentucky – declared neutral until Confederacy invaded; joined
the Northern states
• Missouri – stayed loyal to the North
• West Virginia – Split with Virginia in 1863 to join the Union
Legality and morality of slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dred Scott ruling
John Brown’s raid
Southern secession
Confederates attack Fort Sumter
Party differences
Agriculture v. industrial
• North:
•
•
•
•
•
President: Abe Lincoln
Population – 22 million
Industrial
Vast railroad system
Creation of paper money
(greenbacks)
• Conscription-forcing people into
military service (like draft)
• Suspends habeas corpus (cannot
be held without being told what
you are charged with/trial)
• South:
•
•
•
•
•
President: Jefferson Davis
Population – 9 million
Agriculture
One railroad
Money by taxing trade
(eventually paper money that
would be worthless)
• Began conscription and
suspension of habeas corpus but
received a lot of opposition
(even by VP Alexander
Stephens)
• North:
• Wanted Europe to stay
completely out of the war
• Soldiers from War with
Mexico
• Strategy: Anaconda Plan
(blockade Confederate
ports and the Mississippi
River – slowly suffocate
them to death)
• South:
• Wanted help from Europe
(especially British Navy)
• Soldiers from War with
Mexico
• Strategy: defensive war of
attrition (forcing the North
to spend its resources until
tiring and negotiating)
• Anaconda Plan
• Offensive Defense
• “Stonewall” Jackson
• Northern Virginia – Northern
army wants a quick victory
• North successful until
Confederate reinforcements
come in
• North ends up surrendering
• Confederate victory; Lincoln
asked for 500,000 more
troops and offered a signing
bonus
• General David G.
Farragut (60 years
old) led the Northern
Navy to capture
New Orleans
• North took control of
the South’s largest
city
• Union victory
• U.S. Grant (Union) had taken Fort
Henry and Fort Donelson and
headed to Mississippi to destroy
the railway .
• Confederates made a surprise
attack and when asked to retreat,
Grant said “Retreat? No. I
propose an attack at daylight and
whip them.”
• Grant attacked at daybreak the
next morning and General
Beauregard (Confederate)
retreated
• Union victory; 20,000 killed
• Lincoln ordered General George B. McClellan to
capture Richmond, Virginia after taking control of
Yorktown
• He let his troops divide at the Chickahominy River
• Confederate General Johnston attacked the Union
and was injured; General Robert E. Lee takes his
place
• After a series of Lee’s attacks, the Union retreated
• Confederate victory; 30,000 dead
• Confederates (Led by
Lee) decided to go
after Washington
(D.C.)
• Again, Union retreats;
leaves the
Confederate army 20
miles away from
Union capital
• Confederate victory
• McClellan (Union) attacked
Lee’s troops in Maryland
• Lee’s lines were strong but
had too many casualties
and had to retreat
• Union victory; British
dropped backing of the
South
• Bloodiest day in American
history; 6,000 killed and
16,000 wounded
• As of January 1,
1863, all slaves
would be freed in
states that were at
war with the Union
• Did not end slavery
in the border states
• “Our white men [are] cutting one another’s
throats….But for your race among us there could not
be war”
Lincoln “blamed the
horse for the actions
of the horse stealer”
“I am as much in favor for the
Union as any one but I am not
in favor of shedding my blood
for the sake of the black tribe
although I think Slavery is a
ruination to our government”
Put the escaped slaves to work as “contrabands of war”
(First Confiscation Act)
“the freedmen are sober, docile, attentive and
enthusiastic, displaying great natural capacities
for acquiring the duties of the soldier. They are
eager beyond all things to take the field and
be led into action”
Permitted the government to seize all rebel property, forbade any member of
the armed forces from returning fugitive slaves, and licensed the president to
employ blacks in any way he deemed fit to fight the Confederacy….opened
the way to the use of black troops and granted freedom to slave who joined
the army.
“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that”
“all persons held as slaves
within any state…the people
whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United
States shall be then,
thenceforward and forever
free.”
• Southern economy and food
supply crumbling
• Northern economy hits a
boom
• Women: keep up the house,
join work force, nurse
• 180,000 African Americans
joined Union army; 15,000
joined Union Navy
• Soldier food: potatoes,
beans, and hardtack
• Disease and infection
• Confederacy announced that
they would re-enslave or
execute African-American
prisoners of war
• Lincoln called off ALL
prisoners exchanges
• Andersonville (southwest
Georgia) – 13,000/45,000
prisoners died (Henry Wirz –
only person executed for war
crimes during the Civil War)
• Lincoln:
•
•
•
•
Fired McClellan
Fired Burnside
Fired Hooker
Hired Meade
• Lee’s army headed to Gettysburg, PA
to get a supply of shoes; met by Union
forces
• Pickett’s Charge (South) met Union
forces
• 23,000 Union deaths
• 28,000 Confederate deaths
• Confederacy retreated on July 4, 1863
• Union victory
• The Union now had control of
New Orleans and Memphis; if
they could capture Vicksburg,
MS, they could cut the
Confederacy in two at the
Mississippi River
• Grant sent troops down the
middle of the river to distract
the Confederates from where
the Union was heading.
• After a two day siege at
Vicksburg, the Confederacy
surrendered
• Union victory
• Lincoln dedicated the
battleground as a
military cemetery
• Reinforces the Union’s
mission to maintain the
union
• Union victory
• Union now had the Mississippi
River and eastern Tennessee
• Focus now on Georgia
• Task given to General
William Tecumseh Sherman
• Grant appointed general in
chief of the Union forces (first
since George Washington)
• Sherman first took his
men South of Atlanta
and destroyed the
railroads
• Sherman Neckties
• Sherman ordered Atlanta to be evacuated
• “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of the war”
• 1/3 of Atlanta would burn
• November 1864
• Sherman slashed-andburned his way from
Atlanta to Savannah and
then back up to South
Carolina
• “Here is where treason
began… here is where it
shall end.”
• Lincoln (Republican) was
up for re-election
• George B. McClellan
(Democrat) would run
against him saying that
he would negotiate with
the South to end the war
• Lincoln won with 55% of
the popular vote
• January 1865, Lincoln
proposed and got
passed the 13
Amendment – banning
slavery in ALL of the
United States
• Lee (Confederacy)
surrendered to Grant
(Union) at Appomattox
Courthouse.
• South were to surrender
their weapons and return
home
• South could keep animals
and were given food
• Unconditional surrender to
the Union
• Lincoln is assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth
• Part of a plan to
assassinate Lincoln,
Johnson, Seward, and
Grant
• “The South Shall live!”