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Chapter 11
Presented by
Mike Connelly and Hayden Roche
Battles
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First Bull Run-
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Second Bull Run- Union casualties were about 10,000 killed and wounded
•
Antietam-
Union casualties were 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312
missing or captured; Confederate casualties were 387 killed, 1,582 wounded,
and 13 missing. The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected loss of
their army in a battle for which an easy victory was widely anticipated. Both
sides quickly came to realize that the war would be longer and more brutal
than they had thought. On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided
for the enlistment of 500,000 men for up to three years of service.
out of 62,000 engaged; the Confederates lost about 1,300 killed and 7,000
wounded out of 50,000. As the Union Army concentrated on Centreville, Lee
sent Jackson on another march in an attempt to interpose his army between
Pope and Washington. Pope countered the move and the two forces clashed a
final time at the Battle of Chantilly. Marching toward a fateful encounter with
the Army of the Potomac in the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.
This was the single most bloodiest day of the war. Union had 12,401
casualties with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546
dead. This represented 25% of the Federal force and 31% of the Confederate.
Lee's forces began withdrawing across the Potomac that evening to return to
Virginia. Lincoln ordered McClellan to chase Lee but he did not.
Copperheads
• During the American Civil War, the Copperheads
nominally favored the Union and strongly opposed the
war, for which they blamed abolitionists, and they
demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws.
They wanted President Lincoln and the Republicans
ousted from power, seeing the president as a tyrant who
was destroying American republican values with his
despotic and arbitrary actions.
Confederate War Strategy
•
The southern commander at Manassas was Pierre G. T. Beauregard, the
dapper, voluble hero of Fort Sumter, Napoleonic in manner and aspiration.
Heading the rebel forces in the Shenandoah Valley was Joseph E.
Johnston, a small, impeccably attired, ambitious but cautious man with a
piercing gaze and an outsized sense of dignity. In their contrasting
offensive-and defensive-mindedness, Beauregard and Johnston
represented the polarities of southern strategic thinking. The basic war aim
of the Confederacy, like that of the United States in the Revolution, was to
defend a new nation from conquest. The South could "win" the war by not
losing; the North could win only by winning. The large territory of the
Confederacy--750,000 square miles, as large as Russia west of Moscow,
twice the size of the thirteen original United States--would make Lincolns
task difficult.
Weapons
•
Infantry tactics at the time of the Civil War were based on the use of the smoothbore
musket, a weapon of limited range and accuracy. Firing lines that were much more
than a hundred yards apart could not inflict very much damage on each other, and so
troops which were to make an attack would be massed together, elbow to elbow, and
would make a run for it; if there were enough of them, and they ran fast enough, the
defensive line could not hurt them seriously, and when they got to close quarters the
advantage of numbers and the use of the bayonet would settle things. But the Civil
War musket was rifled, which made an enormous difference. It was still a muzzleloader, but it had much more accuracy and a far longer range than the old
smoothbore, and it completely changed the conditions under which soldiers fought.
An advancing line could be brought under killing fire at a distance of half a mile, now,
and the massed charge of Napoleonic tradition was miserably out of date. When a
defensive line occupied field entrenchments-which the soldiers learned to dig fairly
early in the game-a direct frontal assault became almost impossible. The hideous
casualty lists of Civil War battles owed much of their size to the fact that soldiers were
fighting with rifles but were using tactics suited to smoothbores. It took the generals a
long time to learn that a new approach was needed.
Martial Law
•
The martial law concept in the U.S. is closely tied with the right of habeas
corpus, which is in essence the right to a hearing on lawful imprisonment, or
more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary. The
ability to suspend habeas corpus is often equated with martial law. Article 1,
Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution states, "The Privilege of the Writ of
Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion
or Invasion the public Safety may require it."
Emancipation Proclamation
•
The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by
United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.
The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all
slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return
to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1,
1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the
Executive Order by his authority as "Commander in Chief of the Army and
Navy" under Article II, section 2 of the United States Constitution.
Contraband Issue
•
At Fort Monroe in Virginia's Hampton Roads, Brigadier General Benjamin
Butler, commander, came into the possession of three slaves who had
made their way across Hampton Roads harbor from Confederate-occupied
Norfolk County, Virginia and presented themselves at Union-held Fort
Monroe. General Butler refused to return escaped slaves to masters
supporting the Confederacy, which amounted to classifying them as
"contraband," although credit for first use of that terminology occurred
elsewhere
African-Americans in War
• Approximately 180,000 African Americans comprising
163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War,
and many more African Americans served in the Union
Navy. Both free African-Americans and runaway slaves
joined the fight.
Prison Camps
•
In the very beginning of the Civil War, prisoners of war were exchanged
right on the battlefield, a private for a private, a sergeant for a sergeant and
a captain for a captain. This system broke down and caused the creation of
large holding pens for prisoners in both the North and South. On Major
General John A. Dix of the Union Army met with the Confederate
representative, Major General Daniel H. Hill, and a cartel was drafted
providing for the parole and exchange of prisoners. This draft was submitted
to and approved by their superiors. Four days later, the cartel was formally
signed and ratified, and became known as the Dix-Hill Cartel.
The Dix-Hill Cartel failed by midyear, for reasons including the refusal
of the Confederate, Government to exchange or parole black prisoners.
They threatened to treat black prisoners as slaves and to execute their
white officers. There was also the problem of prisoners returning too soon to
the battlefield. When Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, most of those
Confederate prisoners who were paroled were back in the trenches within
weeks.
Medical Care
•
The Civil War was fought, claimed the Union army surgeon general, "at the
end of the medical Middle Ages." Little was known about what caused
disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical
techniques ranged from the barbaric to the barely competent.
A Civil War soldier's chances of not surviving the war was about one in
four. These fallen men were cared for by a woefully underqualifled,
understaffed, and undersupplied medical corps. Working against incredible
odds, however, the medical corps increased in size, improved its
techniques, and gained a greater understanding of medicine and disease
every year the war was fought.
Lee’s Victories
•
Lee then won a number of victories in the following months. In June of '62,
Lee drove the Union army away from the Richmond area in the Seven Days'
Battle. Lee then drove the northern army back into Washington D.C. after
the second Battle of Bull Run. Antietam soon followed on September 17,
1862, where he won a costly battle with northern general McClellan. Soon
after, Lee began his with drawl through Virginia, where again he won a
costly battle on the Union at Fredericksburg in December.
Union War Strategy
• The Civil War drove many innovations in military
strategy. W. J. Hardee published the first revised infantry
tactics for use with modern rifles in 1855. However, even
these tactics proved ineffective in combat, as it involved
massed volley fire, in which entire units (primarily
regiments) would fire simultaneously. These tactics had
not been tested before in actual combat, and the
commanders of these units would post their soldiers at
incredibly close range, compared to the range of the
rifled musket, which led to disastrous mortality rates. In a
sense, the weapons had evolved beyond the tactics,
which would soon change as the war drew to a close.
Railroads provided the first mass movement of troops.
The electric telegraph was used by both sides, which
enabled political and senior military leaders to pass
orders to and receive reports from commanders in the
field.
Vicksburg
•
The Siege of Vicksburg was the final major military action in the Vicksburg
Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj.
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the
Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C.
Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Ulysses S. Grant
•
Ulysses S. Grant born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822– July 23, 1885)
was the 18th President of the United States (1869–77) as well as military
commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods.
Under the command of Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate
military and ended the Confederate States of America. His image as a war
hero was tarnished by corruption scandals during his presidency. Grant
began his life long career as a soldier after graduating from the United
States Military Academy in 1843. Fighting in the Mexican American War, he
was a close observer of the techniques of Generals Zachary Taylor and
Winfield Scott. He retired from the Army in 1854, then struggled to make a
living in St. Louis. After many financial setbacks, he finally moved to
Galena, Illinois where he worked as a clerk in his father's tannery shop,
making Galena his permanent legal home.
William T. Sherman
•
William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was
an American soldier, businessman, educator and author. He served as a
General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for
which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military
strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth"
policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the
Confederate States. Military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared
that Sherman was "the first modern general".
Election of 1864
•
•
•
In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was reelected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against
his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B.
McClellan. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally
believe in his party's platform.
The 1864 election occurred during the Civil War; none of the states loyal to
the Confederate States of America participated.
Republicans loyal to Lincoln, in opposition to a group of Republican
dissidents who nominated John C. Frémont, joined with a number of War
Democrats to form the National Union Party. The new political party was
formed to accommodate the War Democrats.
Thirteenth Amendment
•
•
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially
abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for a crime. It was adopted on December 6, 1865,
and was then declared in a proclamation of Secretary of State William H.
Seward on December 18. It was the first of the Reconstruction
Amendments.
Many people, including President Abraham Lincoln, were concerned that
the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the freedom of slaves in ten
Confederate states still in rebellion in 1863, would be seen as a temporary
war measure. They supported this amendment in order to outlaw slavery
throughout the United States.
Assassination of Lincoln
•
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was the shooting of President
Abraham Lincoln on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, followed by his death the
following morning. Lincoln was shot as the American Civil War was drawing
to a close, just six days after the large-scale surrender of Confederate
forces under General Robert E. Lee to Union General U. S. Grant. The
assassination was planned and carried out by John Wilkes Booth as part of
a larger conspiracy in an effort to rally the remaining Confederate troops to
continue fighting. Lincoln was attending a stage performance of Our
American Cousin at Ford's Theater with his wife and a twenty-eight year-old
officer named Major Henry R. Rathbone, and his fiancée, Clara Harris.
Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated, though there
had been earlier attempted assassinations of other presidents.
In loving support of Thomas James D’Andrea