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Chapter 15
The States at War
The Civil War
• Both the North and South claimed that God
represented their side.
• This belief led some to question providence,
God’s control over all events
Raising Northern Forces
• The states were
responsible for recruiting
soldiers. Most states paid
a bounty, or bonus to
volunteers
• After the volunteers
dwindled, Congress
passed a conscription
(draft) law to raise an
army
• Those drafted could hire a
substitute or pay $300 to
get out of service
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Raising Southern Forces
• The South initially had no
problem raising forces but
was forced to use a draft
after the first year
• One of the ways used to
get out of service was the
Twenty-Negro Law which
stated that anyone who
owned 20 slaves did not
have to fight
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Preparing Civilians for War
• The Civil War was an example of total war,
one that involved both the military and
civilians
• Many times, civilians were forced to give
up their homes for a period of time or house
soldiers passing through
Northern Preparations
• With the men at war,
women began to work in
factories
• The increase in machinery
also allowed the same
amount of goods to be
produced with fewer
workers
• Private volunteer groups,
called commissions,
helped purchase medicine
and reading material for
soldiers
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Southern Preparations
• The South was hindered by their lack of
factories and effective transportation
system.
• Agriculture was also hurt greatly in the
South due to many workers going to war
Modern Warfare
• Many new methods and weapons were used
for the first time
• Both sides used air balloons to gain a
vantage point of the other side. The
telegraph was also instrumental
• New bullets were used by both sides that
had devastating consequences
Modern Warfare
• Warships began to be constructed from iron,
giving them an advantage over wooden ships
• Photography was improving and provided insight
into the conditions that soldiers dealt with
• Matthew Brady formed a team of photographers to
follow the troops and record the war
Strategies of War
• The North had to be more aggressive to win
the war.
• Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan
which focused on blockading the South and
dividing the states
Civil War Amputations
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The First Battle of Bull Run
• The Union army was getting pressure to fight.
General Irvin McDowell led the march to
Richmond where an audience was waiting
• The Confederates learned of the attack and
combined troops under Joseph E. Johnston and
P.G.T. Beauregard
• The Confederate army was inspired by Thomas
Jackson who held firm and earned the nickname
“Stonewall” Jackson
Results of Bull Run
• The Battle of Bull Run was won by the
South and affected both sides.
• Lincoln promoted George McClellan to lead
a new army. McClellan helped get the
Union army trained
Defeats for the North
• McClellan was being pressured to attack
Richmond but delayed by saying he needed
more time and men
• Lincoln eventually ordered him at attack
and McClellan caught Joseph Johnston by
surprise but McClellan delayed again
Defeats for the North
• The situation got worse for the Union after
Joseph Johnston was injured and replaced
by Robert E. Lee, who routed the Union
army and pushed them back to their starting
point
The Second Battle of Bull Run
• Lincoln replaced McClellan with John Pope who
led a new attack
• Robert E. Lee left half his army in Richmond and
sent the other half after Pope.
• J.E.B. Stuart robbed Pope’s headquarters and stole
$300,000 and the plans for the Union army
• The Second Battle of Bull Run ended just like the
first with Union troops running back to
Washington
The Union Blockade
• Lincoln had ordered a naval blockade of the
southern coast from South Carolina to
Mexico to prevent entry or exit of
passengers or commerce
• The South fought the blockade with
blockade runners, ships designed to slip
through the blockade
Taking the Mississippi
• The Union focus soon shifted to the Mississippi
River. William Sherman referred to it as the
“spinal column of America”
• Ulysses S. Grant was given the job of taking the
upper Mississippi
• Admiral David Farragut led the capture of New
Orleans and the lower Mississippi
• Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last Confederate
town on the Mississippi to fall
Battle of Antietam
• Lee was on the offensive and hoped to get Britain
to support the Confederacy
• McClellan was unsure of where Lee would attack
until his soldiers found Lee’s lost plans in a road.
McClellan attacked at Antietam but hesitated again
and allowed Lee to escape
• Nearly 23,000 soldiers were killed or wounded in
this battle
Fredericksburg
• Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan and
led an attack at Fredericksburg.
• Burnside failed and lost twice as many men
as the Confederates
• Lincoln replaced Burnside with another
general, “Fighting Joe” Hooker
Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
• Joe Hooker led his troops to
Chancellorsville with troops outnumbering
Lee’s by 70,000. Despite this, Lee led the
Confederates to victory
• Lee thought that if he had a victory in the
North, the tide of the war would change.
• He decided to attack at Gettysburg
Lee’s Advance
• Lee headed to Pennsylvania to fight against
George Meade, who had replaced Joe Hooker
• James Longstreet was ordered to attack the Union
army but was beaten back
• General George Pickett led 15,000 troops in a
brave attack but many were killed or wounded
• Pickett’s Charge was unsuccessful and the
Confederacy was forced to retreat
The Emancipation Proclamation
• After 2 years of fighting, both sides are
weary of war
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation to gain support for the war
• This created chaos for the South as many
slaves fled their masters
Destruction of the South
• Lincoln found the perfect general for him in
Ulysses Grant who was willing to fight a
war of attrition that would wear down and
possibly destroy the South
Sheridan in the Shenandoah
• The Union is willing to take any steps
necessary to win the war
• Philip Sheridan was sent to destroy the food
source in the Shenandoah valley which he
does by killing livestock and burning
houses, barns and crops
Rosecrans in Tennessee
• William Rosecrans led Union troops to
battle at Chickamauga Creek where he was
defeated by General Longstreet
• Union general George Thomas, however
held firm and was given the nickname, the
Rock of Chickamauga
March to the Sea
• William Sherman is given the job of taking
control of Georgia. He burned Atlanta to the
ground and destroyed many other areas also
• Bummers, Confederate and Union deserters,
added to the problem by scavenging
• His March to the Sea created bitterness
toward the North
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln runs against his former general,
George McClellan
• Andrew Johnson, a senator from Tennessee,
is chosen to appeal to the South and helps
him win reelection