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The Civil War (1861-65) Chapter 11 The American Civil War From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another Causes of the Civil War • 1. Conflict over slavery in territories • 2. Failure of Compromise in Congress— States Rights • 3. Election of Lincoln as President • 4. Secession of Southern states • 5. Firing on Fort Sumter, South Carolina Remember the S’s & L!!! Getting Started • Pretend that you have been given the task of setting the odds of winning or losing the Civil War • Look at the advantages and disadvantages for both sides • Make a prediction and explain your prediction North vs. South in 1861 North South Advantages ? ? Disadvantages ? ? North vs. South Advantages Union Confederacy Disadvantages Population 22 million (4 million men of combat age) Economy- 100,000 factories 1.1 million workers 20,000 miles of railroad $189 million in bank deposits $59 million in gold specie -Abraham Lincoln War fought on confederate soil Lack of military leadership Military Leadership Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Military Training VMI (Virginia Military Institute) WestPoint Home field advantage Familiar with terrain Morale booster Population 9 million (3.5 million slaves, only 1.2 million men of combat age) Economy- 20,000 factories 101,000 workers 9,000 miles of railroad $47 million in bank deposits $27 million in gold specie The Union & Confederacy in 1861 Lets look at some key figures in the Civil War before we talk about the details of the War • Who is this man in the background? • Abraham Lincoln—President of the United States • How did his election lead South Carolina to secede from the Union? South: The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens The Confederate “White House” A Northern View of Jeff Davis North: Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant George Meade Ambrose Burnside William T. Sherman South: The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Civil War Intro Clip A Nation goes to War Section 1: The Civil War Begins— Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter • The Civil War begins when Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston, SC harbor • First Shots – Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter – Union President Lincoln does not surrender nor attack, just sends food to Union troops in fort – Confederate president Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war • fires on Sumter April 12, 1861 Fort Sumter Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter • Virginia Secedes – Fall of Fort Sumter unites North – Virginia unwilling to fight the South; secedes from Union • This is very important, because Virginia is the most populated state in the South, and Robert E. Lee is from Virginia – antislavery western counties secede from VA, creating the state of West Virginia • Three more states secede—Arkansas, Tennessee, and N Carolina • Border states remain in Union—Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri Union Confederacy Maryland Delaware Kentucky Missouri (West Virginia-free state) All other states in North and west South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Border slave states that stayed in Union The Sides Americans Expect a Short War Union and Confederate Strategies – Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, and railroads – Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals, motivation • Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South – blockade Southern ports – divide Confederacy in two in west – capture Richmond, Confederate capital • Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if opportunity arises The “Anaconda” Plan Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) – Bull Run—first battle, Manassas, VA.; Confederate victory • This battle shows both sides that the war will not be short. – Conf. General Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle (Lee’s “Right-Hand Man”) Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia • The first battle was an important Confederate victory. Manassas shows that the war was going to be very long and difficult for both sides. Nice Day for a Picnic? • People, including Senators from Washington D.C. came to the area to relax, watch the fight, and picnic. • What they saw caused them to panic and scramble home in a disorganized chaos. Thomas Stonewall Jackson • “Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!, Rally around the Virginians boys.” General Bernard Bee N.C. Union Armies in the West • Battle for Forts Henry and Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough, decisive Union commander in West – Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry & Donelson • Battle of Shiloh – April 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh, TN – Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; 1,000s dead, wounded, battle ends in a draw – Shiloh teaches preparation needed; Confederacy vulnerable in West Glow in the dark wounds… • Seventeen year old Bill Martin was visiting Shiloh, a Civil War battlefield, and heard tales of soldiers whose wounds glowed with an eerie light. • Bill's mom happens to be Phyllis Martin, a microbiologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville, Maryland. She studies a soil bacterium called P. Luminescens that glows pale blue. • So Bill and his friend, John Curtis, did historical research and found that the bacterium could indeed have lived in the conditions at Shiloh. A Revolution in Warfare • Ironclads – What is an Ironclad? – New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut – Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning – March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw • New Weapons – Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets – Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are used – Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry attacks North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw Weapons of Mass Destruction • Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards. Destruction from Artillery • In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power. • Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. • Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards. The War for the Capitals • “On to Richmond” – Union General McClellan waits to attack Richmond – Spring 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army • Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union leaves Richmond area Lee – The confederacy in the east is very successful, even though they are outnumbered, and outmatched McClellan War for the Capitals The War for the Capitals –Antietam • Lee wins the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest single-day battle in American History!!!!!!! • Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue (Sept 17, 1862) • Lincoln fires McClellan Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 26,000 casualties Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland • Bloody battle in Maryland resulted in a tie and Robert E. Lee’s army has to retreat back into Virginia. Lee attacked the north because he needed a victory on northern soil. Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Section 2: The Politics of War • By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war – Frees slaves in Confederate areas only – Does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states in Union – Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life – Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other Emancipation in 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s attempt to preserve the Union: • President Lincoln suspends habeas corpus: – order to bring accused to court, explain charges – Lincoln uses this to arrest disloyal Union citizens and hold them w/o trial • Arrested Copperheads— Northern Democrats advocating peace African-American Recruiting Poster Section 3: Life During Wartime Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides • Lives on the Lines – Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in camp – Andersonville—worst Confederate prison, in Georgia • has no shelter, sanitation; 1/3 of prisoners die Andersonville • Confined more than 33,000 Union prisoners, of which more than 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or exposure to the elements Section 4: The North Takes Charge Chancellorsville, Virginia Last meeting between General Stonewall Jackson and General Robert E. Lee. • Stonewall Jackson loses his life after achieving one of the greatest military maneuvers of the Civil War at Chancellorsville, in Virginia. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Section 4: The North Takes Charge; The Confederacy Wears Down • Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union wear down the Confederacy. • Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) – Three-day battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania cripples South, turning point of war – Union forces under the command of General George Meade defeat Lee’s Confederate army – Ended any hope of South of invading North – More than 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, MIA, – Bloodiest battle of the whole war Gettysburg Casualties Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Gettysburg was an important Northern victory. The confederate Army was cut down by almost 25%. The Gettysburg Address • November 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg – Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg Address asserts unity of U.S. – honors dead soldiers – calls for living to dedicate selves to preserve Union, and freedom http://digitalstorytelling.coe.uh.edu/movie_so cial_studies_04.html Grant Wins at Vicksburg (May 19July 4, 1863) • Spring 1863, Confederate-held Vicksburg, Mississippi last obstacle to total Union control of Mississippi River-Cuts the Confederacy in half! – Ulysses S. Grant’s laid siege to Vicksburg for 2 months • Starving Confederates surrender on July 4 Did You Know? • Confederates became so desperate for food during the war they ate cats, dogs, and even rats… Would you eat these animals? The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg, Mississippi • This important battle gave the Union Army control of trade and the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy in half and allowed General Grant to control trade and communication on the river. The Confederacy Wears Down • Grant Appoints Sherman – March 1864, Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union armies – Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of Mississippi division [West] – Grant, Sherman believe in total war to destroy South’s will to fight The Confederacy Wears Down • Sherman’s March in Georgia and the Battle for Atlanta – Sept. 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta; South tries to cut railway supply lines – Sherman cuts wide path of destruction in Georgia – December, takes Savannah, turns north to help Grant fight Lee – inflicts even more destruction in South Carolina Sherman Burning Atlanta Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 Sherman Bow-Ties Quotes by Sherman • “Grant stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk, and now we stand by each other” • “I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah” 1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address to the nation: • “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” Battle Maps The Confederacy Wears Down • The Surrender at Appomatox – Robert E. Lee surrenders April 9, 1865 at village of Appomattox Court House Looking back… • Easy to see how Union won; North had advantages: – Larger population-more fighting men – More railroads – More industry Section 5:The Legacy of the War • The Civil War settles long-standing disputes over states’ rights and slavery. – Federal Govt assumes supremacy and ends threat of secession – 1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in all states • Southern industry and farms destroyed • Cost of War—$3.3 billion – Union troops killed 360,000 – Confederate troops killed 260,000 Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Assassination of Lincoln – April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre – Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is trapped by Union cavalry, shot http://video.pbs.org/video/1165093950/ John Wilkes Booth Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassination WANTED~~!! Now He Belongs to the Ages! Results of the Civil War • • • • • • Abolition of slavery Devastation of the south Reconstruction Nation united Boom of industry Federal authority dominate Heritage or Hate?