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The Civil War, 1861-1865

Some historians refer to
it as the “Second
American Revolution”
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Deaths of 620,000 men
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4 million slaves freed
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Accelerated
industrialization
modernization
The War Begins
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In his inaugural address,
Lincoln assured
southerners he would
not interfere with
slavery
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He also said no state had
the right to break up the
Union
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Ft. Sumter, SC: April 12,
1861
Use of executive power

Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, without the
approval of Congress:
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1.) calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the
“insurrection”
2.) Authorized spending for the war
3.) Suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
(Constitution says that the write of habeas corpus “shall
not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or
invasion the public safety may require it”)
4.) Use of martial law in pro-Southern areas
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Since Congress was NOT in session, Lincoln acted
completely on his own
Advantages
NORTH
-
-
Population
Navy
Economy (85 % of
factories and goods,
70% of RRs and 65% of
farmland)
Government
SOUTH
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-
Fighting a defensive war
Military leaders
Move troops/supplied
shorter distances
Long, indented coastline
Union Strategy

Blockade southern ports
(the Anaconda Plan)
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Divide Confederacy into
two by taking control of
the Mississippi River
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Raise and train army of
500,000 to take
Richmond
Major Battles
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First Battle of Bull Run
Second Battle of Bull Run
Antietam – forestalls
foreign intervention into
war!
Shiloh
Fredericksburg
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
Chancellorville
Antietam
 Confederate dead by a fence on the Hagerstown road,
Antietam, Maryland, photo by Alexander Gardner,
September 1862. The Battle of Antietam was one of the
most costly of the Civil War.
Union Soldiers
 Union soldiers in trenches, Petersburg, Virginia, 1864.
 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Railroads

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Bridge on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, rebuilt by Union
engineers. Railroads became important strategic resources—
and targets—during the Civil War.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (B8184-B185)
Monitor vs. Merrimac
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Confederacy build the
ironclad, the Merrimac (a
former Union ship that
was captured and
renamed the Virginia)
The Union built its own
ironclad, the Monitor
Five hour battle in 1862
Fought to a draw
Revolutionizes the future
of naval warfare
Emancipation Proclamation

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Lincoln decided to use his
powers as commander in
chief to free all the slaves in
states then at war with the
Union
“Military necessity”
Encouraged the border
states to emancipate their
slaves with compensation to
the owners
Issued after Battle of
Antietam
As of Jan 1, 1863, slaves in
rebellious states are free
African-Americans in the War
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African-Americans did
serve in the war
Free men and runaway
slaves
Segregated all-black
units
54th MA (Glory)
Turning Point - Gettysburg
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Lee invades the north –
summer of 1863
Hoped to capture a key
northern city or destroy
the Union army
July 1- 3
50,000 casualties
Disastrous for Lee and
the south and they never
regained the offensive
Ulysses S. Grant

Appointed commander
by Lincoln in early 1864
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Fought a war of attrition
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Forced Lee’s army to
constantly fight and
retreat
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Civil War ended up
becoming a “total war”
Election of 1864
End of the War
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Hunger in the South
Grant outflanking Lee
Fall of Richmond on April
3, 1865
Confederate govt.
wanted peace, Lincoln
said he wanted Union
restored
Lee surrenders at
Appomatox (VA) on April
9, 1865
Grant was respectful
towards Lee and his
troops
Appomatox Court House

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Federal soldiers at Appomattox Court House, Appomattox,
Virginia. Photograph by Timothy H. O’Sullivan, April 1865.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-B8171-7169
DLC)
Assassination of Lincoln
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April 14, 1865, John
Wilkes Booth, a southern
sympathizer, shot and
killed president Lincoln
in Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, D.C.
Booth was eventually
chased by Federal troops
and died under
disputable circumstances
Assassination of Lincoln

Library of Congress Washington, D.C. mourned its assassinated
president, Abraham Lincoln, with a solemn parade (left). The
Ford Theater, where Lincoln was assassinated, also
commemorated the event with funeral bunting (right).
Effects of the Civil War
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Republicans gain more power in Washington, D.C.
In wartime, governments tend to be more concerned
with prosecuting the war than with protecting citizens’
constitutional rights (suspension of the write of habeas
corpus)
13,000 arrested and not told why (held without a trial)
Many Democrats saw Lincoln as a dictator/tyrant
First draft (conscription)
Federal government’s authority increases over the
states (political dominance of the North)
Modernization and industrialization
Slavery abolished (13th Amendment)
National Banking System
Growth of the Economy
Effects of the Civil War
 Library of Congress Charleston, South Carolina, lies in
ruins following the war between the states.
Women and the war
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Absence of millions of men led women to take a greater
responsibility at home
Operated farms and plantations, and took factory jobs
Nurses and volunteers
Women’s Rights Movement gains some momentum
End of Slavery
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The group in society most profoundly changed by the
war was African-Americans
13th Amendment frees 4 million people
Still face economic hardship and political oppression
Segregation and discrimination will continue in the
South and the North
Devastation of southern economy