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Transcript
IB HL Exam Questions on the Civil War and Reconstruction • 2003 • Analyze the immediate and longer-term political effects of the United States Civil War in the period 1865 to 1896 • 2004 • Why did the United States Civil War break out in 1861? • 2005 • “Abraham Lincoln’s leadership was the main reason why the Union won the Civil War”. To what extent do you agree with this claim? • 2006 • Assess the relative strengths of the North and the South at the beginning of the United States Civil War in 1861. • 2007 • Why, in spite of the advantages of the North over the South, did the Civil War in the United States last so long? 2008 Why was compromise no longer possible between the North and the South in the United States by 1860? • Escalation of rhetoric and crises which polarized opinion between North and South. This led to a growing sense of sectionalism, in which the two sections identified more with the North or South than they did with the Union and came to view almost all the actions and pronouncements of the other section as hostile • Some of the events and crisis were: 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Whig Party disappeared and the new Republican party arose in its place. It was the nation’s first major party with only sectional appeal and a commitment to stop the expansion of slavery. One Republican leader, Sumner, was violently attacked and nearly killed at his desk in the Senate by Brooks of S. Carolina. Open warfare in Bleeding Kansas Territory: the Dred Scott decision of 1857, John Brown’s raid in 1859, the split in the Democratic Party in 1860 polarized the nation between North and South; the election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession • 2009 • “The Civil War in the US was caused by political disagreements.” To what extent do you agree with this statement. • In the early days of the US, loyalty to one’s state often took precedence over loyalty to one’s country. However, while in the years after the War of 1812, nationalism became evident…but by the 1820s the forces of sectionalism became more manifest. As Northern and Southern patterns of life diverged, their political ideas also developed marked differences. The North needed a central government to build an infrastructure of roads and railways to protect its complex financial and trading interests, and control national currency. The South depended much less on the federal gov. than did other regions, and Southerners therefore felt no need to strengthen it. In addition, Southern patriots feared that a strong central gov might interfere with slavery, which the North opposed. Southerners sought to protect their sectional interests by supporting states rights and opposing federal government. Northeasterners and Westerners argued that what was good for their section was good for the nation and sought to further their interests by using federal power. Although hostilities between North and South gradually increased, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 introduced what was intended as a permanent solution to the slave issue in which that hostility was most clearly expressed – the question of the extension or prohibition of slavery in the federal territories of the West. • After the Mexican War the dispute about the problem of • slavery in the territories increased. Questions such as whether the Union was older than the states or the other way around fuelled the debate over states rights. Whether the federal gov. was supposed to have substantial powers or whether it was merely a voluntary federation of sovereign states added to the controversy; and several decisions and events contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. Could address the following issues: the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas Nebraska Act, the doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, and the political crisis in the North: the fugitive slave laws (which culminated in the Dred Scott Case of 1857) and in 1860 the election of Lincoln, then the leader of the Republican Party in Illinois • 2009 • In what ways did the Civil War change the economy and racial relations in the South? • Economy; After the CW a major undertaking was the reconstruction of Southern railroads, ports, roads, and communication systems. Federal grant money supported this reconstruction. Between 1865 and the early 1870s, over 8,000 miles of new railroad track were laid. By the end of the 1880’s, the South had one of the best railroad systems not just in the US but in the world. Southern industry, notably textile milling, did boom after the end of Reconstruction. The South also developed its natural resources: steel, oil, and lumber became important industries. By 1900, the South had developed a more balanced economy. Still, it failed to keep up with even more rapid growth in the North and in the West. Moreover, in rebuilding their own economy and infrastructure, Southerners had become dependent on aid from the federal government, Northerners and foreign investors • Racial Relations • With regard to the conditions of African Americans, the Congress passed the 13th Amend: in 1868 the 14th Amend, and in 1870 the 15th, and created the Freedmen’s Bureau. However, while African Americans gained freedom in the South, they hardly gained equality. Despite the Radical Republicans’ efforts at Reconstruction, many African Americans in the South struggled with poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment. As Reconstruction waned, the condition of freedmen worsened. The Freedman’s Bureau closed, voting restrictions such as the poll tax, and literacy tests proliferated, and racist violence spread. Discrimination in the South further intensified with the passage of Jim Crow laws in the 1880s. The Supreme Court upheld such segregation in its Plessey versus Ferguson decision in 1896, which declared all “separate but equal” facilities to be constitutional. This decision cleared the way for decades of demoralizing discrimination against African Americans. • 2010 • “The Kansas-Nebraska problem destroyed the power of the Southern pro-slavery group.” To what extent do you agree with this view? • Also – Success and failure of Reconstruction – Was the Civil War Inevitable or Avoidable (Irrepressible or Repressible • Analyze the immediate and longer-term political effects of the United States Civil War in the period 1865 to 1896 • Immediate – – – – – Split in Fed Gov Presidential Plan v Radical Details of Radical Plan – focus on Amendments, 50+% plan 10 years of change in South, of Revolution Composition and achievements / failures of Southern Legislatures….new constitutions – Return of Democrats, 1872 Amnesty Act, 1874 reunify and regain control of South and of Congress – Redemption – Segregation / discrimination – Jim Crowe, KKK – denied 14 and 15 Amend Rights….sharecropping • Long Term – Plessey v Ferguson – to 1960 – Hayes Tilden compromise – Reps become the party of big business; split; Laissez Faire economics and high tariffs (McKinley Tariff of 1890, 48%), Radicals retire or die: Corruption assoc with Industrialization – Grantism; Grant Scandals; Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, Belknap, Fish and Gould – Excessive force used against Labor: RR Strike, McCormick-Harvester, Homestead, Pullman – Yet Amendments are safe – eventually will be applied…..50s and 60s – Eventual voter re-alignment; Depression; African Americans leave the party of Lincoln for the party of FDR 2011 Compare and contrast Lincoln and Davis as wartime leaders during the US civil war. 2012 • 5. “Sectionalism, not slavery, was the major cause of the US Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? • 6. To what extent had Reconstruction fulfilled its aims by 1877? 2013 • In what ways, and to what extent, did the events of the 1850s contribute to the increase of sectionalism and the outbreak of the US Civil War? • Why, and with what results, was there political opposition to the plans for Reconstruction in the US between 1863 and 1867? 2014 • “The role of foreign powers had a significant effect on the outcome of the US Civil War.” To what extent do you agree with this statement. • To what extent did the theory of nullification and the nullification crisis contribute to the origins of the US Civil War? • 2015 • “The problems associated with westward expansion were the most significant causes of the US Civil War.” • To what extent do you agree with this statement? • Compare and contrast the effectiveness of one Union and one Confederate military leader during the US Civil War.