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Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island wikipedia , lookup
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Reconstructing the Union Presidential Reconstruction --Lincoln’s plan for executive branch oversight, while inviting southerners into Republican Party (10% plan—loyalty oath, then state government with constitution that abolished slavery, provided for black education) --Lincoln planned to be generous to defeated South Senators Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Henry Winter Davis of Maryland; a cartoon making fun of Johnson’s reconstruction policies. Radical Republicans—Lincoln’s 10% too lenient, freedmen suffer, Congressional involvement Wade-Davis bill—stricter, military governance, 50%--pocket veto, but Lincoln ready to compromise Johnson’s Character— Little education, champion of common man and hater of wealthy, but a racist who was tactless and inflexible President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a former tailor then politician of the common man, was a leader who lacked the deft political touch of Abraham Lincoln. Black prisoners on a chain gang. They may have committed no crime other than being in the wrong place at the wrong time (vagrancy) while looking for family or opportunity. Johnson’s program—like Lincoln’s plan, but even more lenient Southern defiance—changed or disregarded reconstruction program, snubbed Freedmen’s rights Black Codes—some rights (marriage), most denied Elections in the South—Confederates back in; Johnson pardons aplenty In 1865, the South Carolina legislature passed Black Code laws prohibiting black farmers from selling anything without "written permission of the employer or District judge." They also prohibited ownership of weapons, while allowing any white person to arrest any "person of color" for any misdemeanor. They also instituted a "sunrise to sunset" workday and stipulated that blacks could only be farm laborers or hired servants, unless they purchased an expensive license. Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, along with Benjamin Wade, were the leaders of the Radical Republicans. Stevens, an outspoken fighter for black rights, was buried at his request in one of the few integrated cemeteries. Issue of black rights—two views: Johnson (inferior), Radicals (rights for Freedmen good for Republican Party) Johnson’s vetoes—Freedmen’s Bureau (food, clothing, medical) extension, civil rights bill meant to defeat Black Codes (civil rights bill veto overridden) Provisions of the 14th Amendment—repay Union war debt, prohibit payment of Confederate debt, disqualify prominent Confederates, defined AfricanAmerican citizenship, and prohibited depriving rights “without due process,” and “equal protection of the laws” Anti-black riots—violence targeted “uppity” blacks Repudiation of Johnson—despite Johnson’s campaign (a fiasco), “waving the bloody shirt” brings 2/3rds Republican majorities in both houses, every northern governor, every northern legislature Congressional Reconstruction Resistance of southern whites—series of four Reconstruction Acts needed to break white resistance and bring southern states politically back into the Union Blacks desire for land—40 acres and a mule, economic independence Failure of land redistribution—anti-American? All land proposals rejected: favoritism, property rights Tenure of Office Act —Senate dismissal/approval trap regarding cabinet members Johnson acquitted —high crimes, not political crimes before impeachment (one vote short) The Senate chamber during the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Reconstruction in the South Background of black political leaders—most literate Divisions among southern Republicans—Scalawags vs. Carpetbaggers New state constitutions—more rights + social reform Race and social equality—cautious Corruption—yes, but rampant all over—End The gaze of carpetbaggers from the Southern point of view, sneaky and suspiciouslooking, or a burden to the South, protected by Union occupation soldiers. Black Aspirations Changing employment —anywhere but “home” plantation Importance of names—first, last: origins Upholding the family—recognized marriage important; men head of household Former slaves, lining up for rations from the Freedman’s Bureau. Black education—for children, adults, best hope for advancement Teachers in black schools—missionaries, “peacetime soldiers,” who often faced white resistance Independent black churches—same religion, why different churches from whites? One of the early African Methodist Episcopal Churches. Sharecropping—independence, but possible perpetual debt to landowner Bureau’s mixed record—depended on individual agent’s integrity: favored freedmen or planters; Freedmen’s Courts to avoid state courts End of the Bureau—by 1872, Northerners tired, bored, disinterested Planters’ new values —paternalism dead, strictly economic; segregation sounding good rather than slavery’s integration The concentration of slave quarters on a plantation during slavery (left) was replaced by separated individual sharecroppers shacks placed on each family’s plot after the Civil War. The Abandonment of Reconstruction Fifteenth Amendment—freedmen’s right to vote, kinda Women’s suffrage rejected—too much at once? Corruption under Grant—not him, but seemingly everyone else, and he didn’t do much about it Civil Rights Act of 1875—last gasp before death of Reconstruction: anti-discrimination in public places, but unenforced and largely ignored A New York City newspaper editor, Horace Greeley ran against President Grant as a Liberal Republican in 1872. He favored corruption reform more than protecting freemen’s rights. He also said, “Go west, young man.” Waning northern concern—disillusionment Depression and Democratic resurgence—other fish to fry Racism—at least I’m above someone; Ku Klux Klan way of taking back control Samuel Tilden lost the 1876 election, though he’d won the popular vote, on a backroom deal to Rutherford B. Hayes, who some would later call “Rutherfraud.” Mississippi Plan—Democrats: as much violence as needed to win Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets undisputed Presidency if Union troops withdrawn, southerners get control of their states—in other words, RECONSTRUCTION IS DEAD Redeemers take control—South for white southerners End of the Davis Bend experiment—Montgomery family thrown off Davis plantations