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What You Need to Know about the American Civil War and Reconstruction for STAAR L. Petersen Dates: 1861 - 1865 Names for the Union Yankees United States of America Blues Federals The North Names for the Confederacy Confederacy Confederate States of America Grays Rebels The South Presidents US – Abraham Lincoln Capital – Washington, DC Confederacy – Jefferson Davis Capital – Richmond, VA Views of Civil War South – states’ rights was their justification Union – First - To preserve the Union Much Later – to free slaves Northern Advantages Larger population (North – 22 Million, South – 9 million including 3.5 million slaves) Northern Advantages Most of the nation’s mineral deposits – iron, coal, copper, and other precious metals More factories - 86% of nation’s factories located in the North Northern Advantages More Railroads – The North had 2.5 times the railroad mileage as the South U.S. Navy – Almost 90% of the U.S. ships stayed with the Union. Northern Advantages Leadership of Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln pulled the nation through the most difficult time in its existence. A lesser man would not have been able to do that. Southern Advantages Generals – many West Point trained 1/3 of the career officers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy Southern Advantages Fighting a Defensive War; didn’t have to invade North, just not lose Northern troops did not know the territory Northern troops far away from supply lines Southern Advantages Fighting for a Cause they believed in. Southerners believed that they were fighting for liberty based on the ideas in the Declaration of Independence. Southern Advantages Leadership of Robert E. Lee - Inspired Confederate soldiers to fight on, despite the odds Military Commanders Union – Ulysses S. Grant Confederacy – Robert E. Lee Northern Strategy Anaconda Plan – seize railroads & Mississippi River to split Confederacy, cut off supplies blockade ports capture Richmond Southern Strategy – fight a defensive war, hold on until the North gave up capture Washington, DC. Abraham Lincoln’s Speeches Emancipation Proclamation - freed slaves in rebelling states, NOT in border states Added abolition of slavery to war aims After Antietam Abraham Lincoln’s Speeches Gettysburg Address – at dedication of Gettysburg battle site as national cemetery; said they were fighting to save the Union and democracy Gettysburg Address Read the text at http://showcase.netins.n et/web/creative/lincoln/ speeches/gettysburg.ht m http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm Abraham Lincoln’s Speeches 2nd Inaugural Address -encouraged everyone to think of the Union, wanted to bring the country back together peacefully 2nd Inaugural Address Read the text at http://www.bartleby.co m/124/pres32.html http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres32.html Important Events & Battles: Ft. Sumter - First battle Antietam - Emancipation Proclamation issued after this battle; new emphasis on fighting to free slaves keeps European nations out of the civil war Important Events & Battles Vicksburg – Union captured the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; Union controls Mississippi River Important Events & Battles: Gettysburg - turning point of the war , North slowly gets the advantage as Southern casualties grow; Gettysburg Address follows it Important Events & Battles: Appomattox Courthouse, VA- Lee surrenders to U.S. Grant, ending the war South loses Important People: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Confederate officer under Lee; died from wounds at Chancellorsville Important People William Tecumseh Sherman – Union officer; burned Atlanta in his “March to the Sea” campaign Important People Julia Ward Howe – wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”; marching song of the Union army describing life in army, and poem “John Brown’s Body” Important People st 1 William Carney – African American soldier awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor Important People st 1 Philip Bazaar – Hispanic-American awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor Important People Clara Barton – founder of the Red Cross; Civil War nurse Important People John Wilkes Booth – assassinated Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction 1865-76 The period of rebuilding and reuniting the nation after the Civil War Much Bitterness felt by South – lasted for generations Much destruction of South Reconstruction Lincoln assassinated less than 2 weeks after war ending John Wilkes Booth – Southerner Made Reconstruction harder on the South Lincoln wanted peaceful reconciliation People wanted to punish the South after his death Reconstruction Confederate states had to go through a aporces to be formally admitted into the Union Important People Hiram Rhodes Revels – 1st African American elected to Congress Homestead Act Government offered public lands to settlers out west, growing crops and homes Morrill Act Set western land aside to fund agricultural and mechanical colleges (how Texas A&M got started) Dawes Act Sold Indian land and sent Indians to reservations; put Native American children in schools that virtually eliminated their culture Compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction Federal government would give more aid and leave the South alone; South promised to maintain rights for African American Reconstruction The period of reuniting the country after the Civil War. Much bitterness felt by the South – lasted for generations Lincoln Assassinated John Wilkes Booth – Southerner Made Reconstruction harder on the South Lincoln had wanted peace People wanted to punish the South after his death Reconstruction Seceding states had to go through a process to be formally readmitted into the Union Confederate officers lost citizenship until pardoned Reconstruction Amendments 13 – freed slaves 14 – gave former slaves citizenship (also had details about citizenship for former Confederates) Reconstruction Amendments 15 – right to vote guaranteed to all races (aimed at African Americans) Free Citizens Vote Reconstruction Amendments – freed slaves th 14 – gave former slave citizenship th 15 – gave African Americans the right to vote th 13