Download THE CIVIL WAR

Chapter 11
Section 1
CONFEDERATES FIRE
ON FORT SUMTER
 Charlestown, South Carolina
 Remained in Union hands
 Major Robert Anderson
commands fort
 Lincoln faced with dilemma
 He doesn’t abandon fort nor
reinforce it
 Jefferson Davis orders attack
 Anderson surrenders to Gen.
Beauregard
 April 12, 1861 war begins
VIRGINIA SECEDES
 Lincoln calls for more
troops
 Virginia secedes
 Arkansas, NC and
Tennessee follow
 Antislavery cities in
NW VA secede from VA
 West Virginia enters
Union
UNION AND CONFEDERATE STRATEGIES
•Union Advantages: more factories, manpower, food,
railroads
•Confederate Advantages: more money profits, better
generals, motivated troops
•Union Strategies: blockade southern ports, split
Confederate forces at Miss. River, capture Richmond:
Anaconda Plan
•Confederate Strategies: be on defensive, encouraged
attacks, try to invade North
BULL RUN
 July 1861: Lincoln orders
attack on Richmond
 Both armies converge at Bull
Run creek, 25 miles from DC
 Union gained advantage at
first, Confederate dominate
second half
 General Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson leads South
 Union troops retreat
 Confederate do not follow up
victory
UNION ARMIES IN
THE WEST
 Lincoln calls for 500,000
men after Bull Run disaster
 Appoints George McClellan
general of army
 McClellan trains, drills men
 Becomes known as Army of
the Potomac
 Aim to controlling
Mississippi River
 McClellan slow to act
FORT HENRY AND
DONELSON
 1862…
 General Ulysses S.
Grant captures two key
ports
 Assisted by ironclads
 Forts on Tennessee and
Cumberland Rivers
 Confederate surrenders
ports
SHILOH
 Grant gathers troops outside a
Tennessee church named
Shiloh
 Shiloh located near Mississippi
border
 Confederates dominate early
 Grant regroups, forces
Confederate retreat
 Generals now send out scouts,
dig trenches
 13,000 combined casualties at
Shiloh
FARRAGUT ON THE
LOWER MISSISSIPPI
 Union Commander
David Farragut
 He leads 40 navy ships
in Louisiana
 Assignment: seize New
Orleans
 In 5 days, Farragut takes
New Orleans
 Union controls southern
Miss. River
 Nearly cuts Confederate
army in half
“ON TO RICHMOND”
 Union ready to capture
Richmond…
 Except McClellan
 He was too cautious,
wanted more men
 McClellan finally moves
 Brings army into
Chesapeake Bay near VA
 Collides with General
Robert E. Lee
 Lee scares McClellan off,
leaves Richmond
ANTIETAM
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Lee heads for Maryland
Union catches a break
Lee’s plans are found
Lee and Jackson are separate
McClellan heads toward Lee
Clash at Antietam creek
September 17, 1862:
Bloodiest 1-day battle in
American History
 23,000 casualties
 McClellan could have ended
war
 November 1862: Lincoln fires
McClellan
Section 2
LINCOLN’S VIEW
ON SLAVERY
 He detested slavery
 No power in gov. to abolish it
 Lincoln’s goal: To save the
Union
 Orders troops to seize
Confederate supplies
 Then emancipate the slaves
 Also, to discourage Britain
from supporting Confederate
 Emancipation becomes
Lincoln’s weapon of war
EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
 Issued by President
Lincoln: January 1, 1863
 It freed only slaves in
rebellion states
 Did not apply to slave
states that had not
seceded
 The Union became
liberators of slavery
REACTIONS TO THE
PROCLAMATION
 Struggle is now a fight for
freedom
 Free blacks permitted in
Union army
 Democrats claimed it
would prolong the war
 Confederates outraged
 Confederates now know
consequences if they lose
war
DEALING WITH
DISSENT
 Sympathizers on both sides
 Lincoln dealt forcefully with
disloyalty
 He suspended writ of habeas
corpus
 13,000 Confederate
sympathizers arrested
 Lincoln ignores Supreme Court
 Copperheads arrested:
 Northern Dem’s who advocated
peace with south
 Lincoln expands power of
president
CONSCRIPTION
 A military draft
 Some enlisted
 Other enlisted and
fled
 Some would enlist
just for bounty pay
 92% volunteered
 Draft riots occur
Section 3
AFRICAN AMERICAN
SOLDIERS
 Blacks not accepted as
soldiers
 1865: Union army 10% black
 Still discrimination
 Separate regiments
 Paid less
 Most went without pay
 Mostly labor duty
 Germ/disease infested areas
 Union POWs in Confederate
massacred at Ft. Pillow
SOUTHERN
SHORTAGES
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Plantations decline
Food shortages
Union occupy food areas
Food prices rise
Bread riots in south
North economy grows
Big profits in North
1863: first income tax
To help pay for war
PRISONS
 Andersonville…
 Confederate prison in
Georgia
 33,000 imprisoned:
26 acres
 No shelter
 Drank from sewer
 1/3 died
 Union prisons just as
bad
CLARA BARTON
 Union nurse
 Served on front lines
 Faced heavy disease
exposure
 “Angel of the
Battlefield”
 Founded American
Red Cross in 1881
Section 4
CHANCELLORSVILLE
 May 1863:
Confederate victory at
Chancellorsville
 Stonewall Jackson
killed
 Lee leads army in
North
 By July, Confederate
army in PA
GETTYSBURG
First Day
 Lee heads North, Meets up with
Gen. A.P. Hill
 Confederate/Union troops need
shoes
 Union Gen. John Buford and
troops arrive a day ahead of
Lee/Hill
 Towns surrounded by hills and
ridges
 Union take defensive positions on
Cemetery Ridge
 90,000 Union troops vs. 75,000
Confederate
 Union army led by Gen. George
Meade
 Confederates take early control
 Lee needs to take Cemetery Ridge
GETTYSBURG
Second Day
 Conf. Gen. James Longstreet
ordered to take Cemetery Hill
 Confederates push through
to Cemetery Ridge
 Union leave Little Round Top
undefended
 Col. Joshua Chamberlain
leads Union in counterattack
 Out of ammo, Union fix
bayonets and charge
 Confederates surrender
Cemetery Hill
 Chamberlain saves Union
from losing battle
GETTYSBURG
Third Day
 Lee felt he could break Union
lines
 He was wrong
 Longstreet orders men to attack
 Gen. George Pickett leads
attack
 “Pickett’s Charge” failed
 Lee gives up hope of invading
North
 Retreat to Virginia
 50,000 casualties in total at
Gettysburg
 Confederacy never recovered
VICKSBURG
UNDER SIEGE
 Grant bombarding
Vicksburg for weeks
 Union want control of
Mississippi River
 Conf. hold for weeks
 Union cut off supplies
to South
 Conf. army starving
 July 4, 1863: Conf.
surrender Vicksburg
THE GETTYSBURG
ADDRESS
 November 19, 1863
 Dedicating Gettysburg
cemetery
 President Lincoln
asked to speak
 The 2 minute speech,
“remade America”
 The nation was coming
back together
MORALE IN THE
CONFEDERACY
 Confederacy worn
down
 Soldiers desert
 Food, labor
shortages
 Some southerners
join Union army
 Confederate
government in
shambles
LINCOLN
APPOINTS GRANT
 1864: Lincoln appoints
Grant General of the
Union Army
 Grants appoints
Sherman commander
of Mississippi
campaign
 Course of war changes
 Becomes Total War
 North needs to destroy
will of South
GRANT IN VIRGINIA
 Grant pummels
Virginia
 North could afford
heavy casualties, South
could not
 May-June 1864: Union
lose 64,000 men
 Lee lost 35,000
 Grant promised
Lincoln, “There will be
no turning back”
SHERMAN’S
MARCH
 Sherman focuses on Atlanta
 He arrives, Conf. army
surrounds him
 Sherman takes offensive
 He heads toward the sea
 Destroys everything in path
 Burns most of Atlanta
 He arrives in Savanna
 Sherman aids Grant
 25,000 slaves ready to fight
 North to SC, more destruction
THE SURRENDER
AT APPOMATTOX
 Lincoln reelected in 1864
 By 1865, end near for
Confederacy
 Grant/Sherman approach
Richmond
 Jefferson Davis flees,
Richmond under fire
 April 9, 1865: Lee
surrenders to Grant at
Appomattox Court House
in Virginia
Section 5
POLITICAL
CHANGES
 Federal
Government
powers increase
 Laws pass
controlling citizens
 New taxes
 New paper money
ECONOMIC
CHANGES
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National Bank Act – 1863
Federal chartered banks
Rise/Fall of economy varied
Cotton down, firearms up
North production boomed…
Coal, iron, merchant ships
South devastated
40% livestock destroyed
Farms, RR destroyed
1861: Wealth in South – 30%
1870: Wealth in South – 12%
COST OF WAR
 Approx. 620,000
combined dead
 500,000
combined
wounded
 $3.3 Billion spent
by both
Governments
NEW BIRTH OF
FREEDOM
 Slavery still exist in
border states
 Lincoln’s solution: A
new Constitutional
Amendment
 13th Amendment:
Abolishment of Slavery
 Adopted: January 1865
 Passed into law:
December 1865
LEADERS RETURN
TO CIVIL LIFE
 McClellan: Gov. of NJ
 Sherman remains in army
 Davis: Captured, held
prisoner for 2 years
 Lee: Lost home, turned
into Arlington National
Cemetery
 His citizenship was never
reinstated
THE ASSASSINATION
OF LINCOLN
 5-Days after the Confederacy
surrenders
 April 14, 1865…
 Lincoln’s attends ‘Our American
Cousin’ at Ford’s Theatre in DC
 The Assassin: Actor John Wilkes
Booth, a Confederate sympathizer
 Booth shoots Lincoln in head
 Booth jumps from box, breaks leg
 Booth captured, killed 12-days later
after a nationwide manhunt
 Lincoln dies the next morning