* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Civil War
Battle of Chancellorsville wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
Battle of White Oak Road wikipedia , lookup
Red River Campaign wikipedia , lookup
East Tennessee bridge burnings wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Roanoke Island wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Harpers Ferry wikipedia , lookup
Anaconda Plan wikipedia , lookup
Second Battle of Corinth wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Malvern Hill wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fredericksburg wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Shiloh wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Cedar Creek wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Antietam wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Maryland Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
The Civil War Lincoln envisioned that the war would only last for 90 days. However, the First Battle of Bull run would change this view. Lincoln decides to attack a Confederate force 30 miles southwest of Washington. Goals Show superior force of the Union. With a quick defeat, demoralize the South’s dreams of succession Perhaps, if possible, attack Richmond some 100 miles to the South Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: The “Anaconda” Plan Paradox of Bull Run Important psychological and political consequences: North • Defeat better than victory for the North. • Dispelled all dreams of a quick war and victory • This convinced the Union of the need to focus on winning the war and focus on putting all their resources towards winning the war. South • Victory worse than defeat • Inflated their already overconfident egos and many soldiers became deserters and enlistment fell. • War preparations slacked, especially for the long war ahead of the. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname in Leading the Confederates to Victory. He was Also aided by reinforcements. The Union army Scattered and fled. Confederates were too Exhausted to pursue them. As a result, the Confederate soldiers ate the lunches that Union Spectators brought with them. Hence, the term “military picnic.” Peninsular Campaign George McClellan was put in charge of the Army of the Potomac. Positives: • He was a superb organizer and drillmaster. • Injected morale into his troops • Hated to sacrifice his troops, he was idolized by them Negatives • Overly cautious and wanted everything to be perfect before attacking, which rarely happens in war • Lincoln said he had the “slows” Due to his inaction, the Potomac became known as “All Quiet on the Potomac” and McClellan known as ‘Tardy George.” George McClellan Peninsular Campaign Spring of 1862, McClellan finally decides to attack, using a waterborne approach to finally attack Richmond. He left with 100,000 soldiers. One month to take Yorktown Last minute, reinforcements diverted and General Lee launched a counterattack outside Richmond, known as the Seven Days’ Battle. Union forces drove back to the sea and abandoned the Peninsular Campaign as a costly failure. McClellan replaced as General. Lee’s Ironic Victory Lee’s victory was brilliant and stunning in the Seven Days' Battle. However, it was also ironic If Richmond was taken, war may have ended and slavery most likely would not have been eliminated. Lee’s victory almost ensured that the war would not end until a total defeat of the South and also slavery was abolished. This is evidenced in the fact that Lincoln starts to change his rhetoric after Lee’s victory to emancipation and abolition. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! McClellan: I Can Do It All! The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Union’s total war 6 components Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts Liberate the slaves and undermine the economic foundations of the South Cut Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi Chop the Confederacy to pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas Decapitate the South by capturing its capital, Richmond Try anywhere to engage the enemy’s main strength and grind it into submission (Grant’s idea) Union Blockade Difficult to blockade 3500 miles of coast, so the North concentrated on major ports and docks. Why did Britain not defy the blockade? Many reasons, but one major is it did not want to tie its hands in case of future war. Basically, they may want to use it in the future, so don’t violate other blockades. Blockade running still occurred, especially as prices rose and profits were to be made. Most successful were swift gray painted steamers built in Scotland. Risks were great, but profits sometimes near 700%. The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac Important naval battle because it made Wooden ships less viable and more Vulnerable to attack. The world’s Navies would start to invest in iron ships Damage on the Deck of the Monitor Second Battle of Bull Run After defeating McClellan at Richmond, Lee decided to head North with his army At the Second Battle of Bull Run, he faced off against General John Pope. Pope boasted that in the western theater, he only saw the backs of the Confederate soldiers. However, at Bull Run, Lee and the Confederates destroyed Pope. Lee then decided to attack into Maryland, for two main reasons: 1. A bold victory in Union territory might convince foreign intervention 2. Maryland was a Border State and still wavering on its decision to join the Union. Lee hoped to seduce Maryland to the Confederate side. War in the East: 1861-1862 Antietam Little Mac returned as General of the Army of the Potomac. His soldiers hailed his return and where excited to have him back Some Union soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle plans for Antietam wrapped around a pack of cigars (discarded by a Confederate officer). This intelligence allowed McClellan to halt Lee’s advancement North. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s 1aZQ_WVyG0&safety_mode=true& persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activ e http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSILLYhYd TY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode= 1&safe=active 23,000 casualties Antietam's Importance Bloodiest day of the Civil War (23,000 casualties) Confederate’s were never sop close to victory as on that day, but victory was elusive. Consequently, neither the British nor the French decided to aid the Confederate States. Antietam also allowed Lincoln to get his needed victory for the Emancipation Proclamation (written in summer of 1862, he needed to wait for a victory before announcing it.) By issuing the Proclamation, Civil War became not only a war to save the Union, but also a moral war to end slavery. Now, the nature of the war will change. It will become a war of subjugation, of complete destruction of the South The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation. Declared “forever free’ the slaves of the Confederate States still in rebellion. Border States not affected nor specific conquered areas in the South 800,000 total not set free So, essentially, where Lincoln could legally free slaves, he did not. And where he could not legally free slaves, he did. Thus, as noted, the Emancipation Proclamation was much more proclamation than emancipation. Emancipation Proclamation Many slaves voted with their feet by fleeing their plantations and joining the Union armies as they approached. In total, 1 of every 7 slaves escaped to the Union during the war. Slavery not officially legally abolished until the 13th amendment in 1865. The Proclamation also changed the nature of the war because both sides understood that there was not chance at a negotiated settlement. Emancipation in 1863 Public opinion was varied. Horace Greely championed the announcement. Other abolitionists said it did not go far enough. Some even thought Lincoln Had gone too far. Border States and the Old Northwest in particular. There was a movement in The North against Supporting the “Abolition War.” Many Border State soldiers deserted, stating they fought To save the union, not for Abolition. The Southern View of Emancipation South claimed that Lincoln was trying to conjure up the “hellish passions” of slave insurrection. African-American Recruiting Poster As emancipation Happened, Lincoln also Moved to enlist black Soldiers. By war’s end, 180,000 Blacks served in the Union army. Most were From the slave states, But some came from Free states too. 10% of all enlisted Soldiers and 2 regiments In Massachusetts were All-black regiments. Famous 54th regiment Led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. The Famous 54th Massachusetts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPiv2I PTDNk&safety_mode=true&persist_safet y_mode=1&safe=active August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw African-Americans in Civil War Battles Why did many blacks Enlist? 1.) After the proclamation, Many joined in the fight to Eliminate slavery 2.) also a means to prove one’s worth as a man and as a way to strengthen claim for citizenship. In total, over 80,000 enlisted Black soldiers died. Many, When captured were put to Death as slaves in revolt and The south did not recognize Them as prisoners of war Until 1864. The Confederacy and Slaves South did not enlist black Soldiers until the last month Of the war. However, many Slaves were forced to work In labor battalions However, slaves often Sabotaged the Confederate Effort: - “home guards” had to protect From slave rebellions -slowdowns, strikes, open defiance diminished productivity. Black Troops Freeing Slaves As “intelligent contraband,” Slaves served as spies, guides And scouts for the Union. A Bit of War History: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865–1866 This painting dramatically commemorates the contributions and sacrifices of the 180,000 African Americans who served in the Union army during the Civil War. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Charles Stewart Smith, 1884 (84.12a/b/c) Photograph ©1991 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville McClellan was replaced again by Lincoln, this Time by General A.E. Burnside. He stated He was unfit for the responsibility than proved it At the Battle of Fredericksburg. Burnside launched a frontal attack on Lee and The Confederate Troops, only to have 10,000 Of his men slaughtered. This became known as “Burnside’s Slaughter Pen.” Next came General Hooker. On May 2-4, 1863, Lee attacked at Chancellorsville with inferior Forces and by having Stonewall Jackson attack The Union flank. Strategy worked and Lee got One of his most impressive and brilliant victories Of the war. However, Stonewall Jackson was Shot by friendly fire and died a few days later The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Meade and Gettysburg Meade told, three days before the war, that he Would lead the Union at Gettysburg. Meade, by accident, took up a position atop A low ridge. There his 92,000 Union troops Looked out at Lee’s 76,000 Confederate troops. Battle raged on for 3 days from July 1-July 3 1863. Deciding push was Pickets charge. However, he Was unsuccessful and this broke the back of the Confederates at Gettysburg. Davis already sent a delegation to negotiate peace Terms to D.C. Lincoln refused to let peace mission Pass. Gettysburg Casualties http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arGg3Twqmi8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_ mode=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvA0J_2ZpIQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_ mode=1&safe=active Ulysses S. Grant Graduated from West Point, a mediocre student, Who was a great horsemen and decent at math. Fought in the Mexican War, but was commissioned To frontier posts after the war, and the boredom and Loneliness drove him to drink. He resigned from the Army instead of being Court-martialed due to his drunkenness. When the Civil War came, he was working in his Father’s leather store for $50 month. He became a colonel in the volunteer army and over Time his experience coupled with his audacity Led to his meteoric rise By fighting in Tennessee, he made a name for himself. At Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, he won and his terms were “unconditional and immediate surrender Ulysses S.Victories Grant in Tennessee important: Linked Kentucky closer to the Union Opened up Tennessee to the Union and also access to Georgia, the heart of Dixie Grant, however, loses at Shiloh, on April 6-7, 1862. Lincoln refused to remove Grant because he actually fights. When told of his drinking, Lincoln does not care and says he will send a barrel of whatever Grant drinks to all of his generals. Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act The War in the West, 18621863: New Orleans Vicksburg Port Hudson Union Victories Victories at Gettysburg was July 3 and at Vicksburg it was July 4th Victories important: Mississippi was controlled by Union and cut South in half. Also as important, the economic livelihood of many of the border states depended on the Mississippi. With the Union in control, it helps diminish some anger from fighting an “Abolition War.” Diplomatically, both France and Britain favor the Union (stop sales of Laird rams and also six naval vessels to Confederates) Grant and Tennessee Again Grant was next transferred to the Tennessee war front where Confederates had pushed back Union forces. He wins at the Battle Above the Clouds near Chattanooga. Tennessee is cleared of Confederates and this leaves Georgia vulnerable to attack Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 http://www.history.com/videos/sherman-and-theburning-of-atlanta#sherman-and-the-burning-ofatlanta Sherman’s March and Total War http://www.history.com/videos/sherman-and-the-burning of-atlanta#shermans-legacy-hero-or-monster Total War 60,000 soldiers burned through Georgia, tore up railroads, bayoneted family portraits, and sacked cities. Goal was to destroy all supply chains and the ability for the South to make war. Also, destroy the morale of the South by not only waging war at the front, but also on their homes. Even though Sherman used brutal tactics, he in many ways most likely shortened the war and saved lives. After sacking Savannah, Sherman and his soldiers moved to South Carolina, where the destruction was worse. Columbia was set ablaze much like Atlanta and South Carolina was destroyed as “hellhole of secession.” 1864 Presidential Election Politics continue, even during war. And Lincoln faced many issues within his own party during the 1864 election: Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War: • Led by Secretary of the treasury Salmon Chase and formed in late 1861. • Represented a radical group of republicans who resented the expansion of the presidency and pushed hard for abolition. Northern Democrats Stephen Douglas died seven weeks into the war. Thus, the N. Democrats were without their strong leader. Consequently, factions grew within the party. War Democrats- supported the Lincoln administration Peace Democrats- did not support Lincoln. Copperheads- openly defiant to Lincoln and his administration. Attacked on the draft and especially after 1863, they were against emancipation. The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham Notorious troublemaker. Spoke up againt The war and was tried for treasonable Utterances in a military tribunal. Escapes to Canada, still runs for governor of Ohio. Edward Hale was inspired by Vallandigham’s Story and wrote The Man Without a Country 1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864 1864 Election So, the Republicans joined With the War Democrats to Form the Union Party. They chose Andrew Johnson as his running mate. The Democrats nominated General McClellan. Lincoln’s reelection was in doubt. But a sequence Union victories (Mobile, Atlanta, and in Virginia) near election day helped Lincoln at the polls. Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) Presidential Election Results: 1864 Many soldiers were sent home To support Lincoln at the polls. Some were even allowed to Vote from the front lines. The victories coupled with the “bayonet vote” allowed Lincoln To win. The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 Lincoln replaced Meade with Grant. Basically, Lincoln needed a general who was a bulldog who would pursue Lee and the Confederates regardless of casualties. Grant decided to attack the Confederate armies at the same time so they could be destroyed Piecemeal. Grant and Lee Grant attacked furiously and suffered many casualties. Many were aghast at his tactics and called him Grant the Butcher. But, Grant suffered a casualty rate of 1 for every 10 soldiers. Lee had a rate of 1 for every 5 soldiers. Also, Lee turned the fight into a pure defensive war because he knew he did not have the numbers to fight aggressively. Nonetheless, grant understood he outnumbered Lee 2:1 and that he would fight to the bitter end. The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassin John Wilkes Booth The Assassination WANTED~~!! Now He Belongs to the Ages! The Execution Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Costs of the War Direct costs were $15 billion. However, that does not account for continuing expenses Also, the state rightists also die during the war. The national government emerged stronger than ever and the dual nightmares of nullification and secession are laid to rest In the end, the Civil war also preserves democratic values and American democracy.