Download The Civil War

Why It Matters
Northern
economy grew
stronger
Southern economy destroyed.
War the first “modern” war.
Slavery abolished.
States rights crushed
Reconstruction
continued
on next slide
The Menace of Secession
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Abe slips into Washington becomes the butt of
jokes
Lincoln’s inaugural
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“No State, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully
get out of the Union, that resolves and ordinances to
that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence,
within any State or States, against the authority of the
United States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary,
according to circumstances.”
While Lincoln expressly called for a peaceful
resolution, this was the final straw for many in the
South who saw the speech as a veiled threat.
 No conflict unless South provokes
 We can not separate – physically
 Endorses the “13th Amendment”
Why the South Must Stay
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Economic
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Defense
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Cotton hugely important
Inland waterways and commerce
Territories
Tariffs
US would have two long borders
The South would embrace the UK
Coastal forts
Political
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Threat to Union
Washing DC in the South
Border states
Does a state have a right to secede from
the union?
Yes
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Declaration of Independence
South Carolina Exposition & Protest
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Constitution - Art. 1, Sec. 10
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Based on a compact between the 13 states
Once the Constitution broken so was the compact
Powers denied to state - succession not mentioned
10th Amendment – all powers not given to
the Feds reserved to the states
No!
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Art. 1 Sec. 10
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Article 6 – Supremacy clause
Treason
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States can not engage in war
Declaration of Independence
Constitution supreme law of the land
Article 1, sec. 3
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No state shall, without consent of Congress enter
into any agreement or compact with another
state
Beauregard
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Anderson
CS peacefully takes over US installations
Major Anderson seizes Sumter - US Commander
Lincoln told South Carolina of his intention to
provision the fort and they took it as reinforce
Carolinians opened fire on April 12, 1861; the
battle was over 34 hours later. Considered the
official start of the war by many.
P.G.T. Beauregard commanded the CS troops
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50 CS Cannons, 3000 shells, no one killed!
Lincoln Expands the Conflict
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Lincoln calls for 75,000 men for 90 days – Seen by South as act
of aggression. Constitutionally shaky ground.
Governor Jackson of Missouri, “your requisition is illegal,
unconstitutional, revolutionary, inhuman, diabolical, and
cannot be complied with,’’ and Governor Harris of
Tennessee, “will not furnish a single man for the purpose of
coercion, but fifty thousand to defend our rights and those of
our Southern brothers.’’
Typical war fever on both sides
May-June Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina
and Virginia join Confederacy - Richmond becomes
the
capital. Just 100 miles from DC
Short war seen on both sides
Border States:
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Slave states that shared a border with free states to
the north.
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Lincoln reportedly said that he hoped to have God
on his side but he Kentucky
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Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri
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Men fight on both sides
Maryland - Garrisoned, by US troops
Kentucky- Admitted to CS Dec 1861
Missouri - Admitted to CS Nov 1861
Delaware, remains loyal
Lincoln declares he is not fighting to free the slaves
The five civilized Tribes side with the
Confederacy
Lincoln to Remaining Southern
states
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“We are not enemies, but friends. We must
not be enemies. Though passion may have
strained, it must not break our bonds of
affection. The mystic chards of memory,
stretching from every battlefield and patriot
grave, to every living heart and headstone,
all over this broad land, will yet swell the
chorus of the union when again touched, as
surely they will be, by the better angels of
our nature.”
Confederate States of America
 Constitution
1st Va Militia
 Guarantee slavery & state rights
 S.C., Fla., Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, TX
 Capital - Montgomery, Ala.
 Jefferson Davis - president
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QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see thi s picture.
Balance of Forces
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Lincoln offered Robert E. Lee to command the
Union’s troops.
 Lee at first opposed the Confederacy
 When Virginia seceded he chose to join
with his family and neighbors and fight for
Virginia
One-third of the Union’s military officers chose
to support the Confederacy. Not all Southern
officers went South
The South had a stronger military tradition.
Advantages and Disadvantages
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This gave the North an
advantage in raising an
army and in supporting the
war.
One-third of the South’s
population was enslaved.
The North’s population was
more than twice as large as
the South’s population.
Advantages and Disadvantages
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The North had 90 percent of the
country’s factories.
It produced 90 percent of the
nation’s pig iron, which is used
to make weapons and
equipment.
Almost all of the country’s
firearms and gunpowder were
produced in the North.
(cont.)
(pages 351–352)
Section 1-10
Advantages and Disadvantages
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The South was able to produce large amounts
of food.
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..\Chapter
20 Girding for War
The North and the South, 18611865\TeacherTube Videos - The
Rebel Yell Lives- Part I.flv
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After the war began, the South quickly set
up armories and foundries to produce
weapons, gunpowder, and ammunition
Southerners often made better soldiers
Shortages dogged the south
The South had few railroad lines for moving
food and troops
The North had massive financial
advantages over the South.
The North controlled the national treasury
and was able to continue collecting money
from tariffs.
The Federal blockade slowly becomes
effective
(page 439)
Dethroning King Cotton
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Productive crops from 1857-1860 had left Britain with a
surplus so when the North blockaded exports, Europe was
still well supplied
When supplies in Britain began to run low, they simply
depended on Northern confiscated imports
India and Egypt increase production
The real crops that swayed
British support occurred
with grains. Poor
harvests in Europe forced
the British to depend on
Northern grain exports
Fear of losing these kept
the British out of the war
directly.
Balance of Forces
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The Union opens up immigration
 800,000, mostly Irish and German
Lincoln has a problem finding good
generals
Northern banks loaned the federal
government money by buying
government bonds.
Congress passed the Legal Tender
Act in February 1862.
This created a national currency and
allowed the government to issue
green-colored paper money known
as greenbacks.
The Confederacy’s financial situation
was not good to start, and it continued
to worsen.
Foreign Diplomacy
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The Trent Affair - late in 1861, the North commandeered a
British steamer and forcibly took two confederate
diplomats on their way to Britain
The British protested , – Sends troops to Canada and
Lincoln capitulated
Another crisis arose over the building of Confederate
commerce-raiders in England
The most successful was the Alabama (seen below)
CSS Alabama
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CSS Alabama commissioned on 24 August
1862. Under Captain Raphael Semmes
Alabama caused disorder and devastation
across the globe for Union merchant
shipping.
The Confederate cruiser claimed 65 prizes
valued at nearly $6,000,000 (approximately
$123,000,000 in today's dollars
On June 19, 1864 Alabama sailed out of
Cherbourg France to engage Kearsarge, in
an hour long battle the Alabama was sunk
Americans blame the UK – eye Canada
The U. S. Government pursued the against
the British Government for the devastation
caused, and following a court of arbitration,
won heavy damages.
Foreign Flare-ups
William
Seward
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Britain does not deliver two ships to the
Confederates
The Irish raise “armies” to invade
Canada
Canada becomes more united
Napoleon III of France took advantage of
the war by installing a puppet
government in Mexico City in direct
violation of the Monroe Doctrine
When the war ended, Secretary of State
William Seward threatened to send
troops and Napoleon retreated.
Napoleon
III
Maximilian’s
execution
Jefferson Davis
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Resigned from the Senate when his home
state of Mississippi seceded
Appointed then later elected President of
the Confederate States of America
Reluctantly accepted the office
He was constantly at odds with the states
which had seceded over States’ rights
issues
At odds with state governments when he
asked for volunteers, money and supplies
He was never really able to unify the
Confederacy for its’ own defense.
Abraham Lincoln
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Reared in a poor family on the
western frontier, Lincoln was mostly
self-educated. He became a
country lawyer, an Illinois state
legislator, and a one-term member
of the United States House of
Representatives
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Lincoln's policies and
personality were "blasted from
all sides
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Lincoln proclaimed a blockade
Increased the federal army
Appropriated $2 million to three
men for military purposes
Allowed "supervised" voting in the
border-states
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Circa
1860
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
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In the words of historian James G. Randall:
"No president has carried the power of
presidential edict and executive order
(independently of Congress) so far as
[Lincoln] did.... It would not be easy to
state what Lincoln conceived to be the
limit of his powers.“
He suspended writ of habeas corpus
Arrested elected officials, including an
Ohio congressman
He defied the Supreme Court
Closed over 300 newspapers and arrested
many editors
Lincoln declared martial law and
authorized such forums to try civilians by
military tribunal
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Union Army conducted at least 4,271 trials by
military commission
A Volunteer Army
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In the beginning both sides relied on volunteers to fill the
need for soldiers
It wasn't until 1863 that Congress passed a conscription law
when volunteering began to slack in the North
•
The Confederacy had a
tougher time and in
both North and South
the wealthy could buy
their way out of
enlistment.
LEFT: A
London News engraving titled “Enlisting
Irish and German Immigrants” depicts a scene in
New York with Union recruiters talking to recent
arrivals. The sign in the background promises
they will be paid a total of $600 for there service.
Soldiers needed
 US
Conscription Act of 1863
Age 20-45, quotas by state
 $300 men
 200,000 Union deserters
 New York City draft riots
Confederate draft
 Large slave owners exempt
 Ages 17 to 50
9th Mississippi Infantry
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6th Maine Infantry
Economic Stresses of War
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The North passed the Morrill Tariff Act,
increasing tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war
soon drove those rates even higher.
The National Banking System was a landmark of
the war for the North, created to establish a
standard bank-note currency, and banks that
joined the National Banking System could buy
government bonds and issue sound paper money.
In the South, runaway inflation plagued the
Confederates, and overall, in the South inflation
went up to 9000%, as opposed to “just” 80% in
the North.
The North’s Economic Boon
The
North actually emerged from the Civil
War more prosperous than before, since new
factories had been formed and a millionaire
class was born for the first time in history.
Manufacturers of weapons and clothing made
huge profits off of both sides. Innovations in
machinery were enjoyed particularly in the
North which managed to increase productivity
even while most of its' work force was fighting
the war
Age of “shoddy”
War Aims
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Federals
 Restore
the Union
My
paramount object in this struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If
I could save the Union without freeing any slave I
would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the
slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others alone I would also do that.
What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do
because I believe it helps to save the Union;
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Confederates
 Right
to self government
 Defend home and families
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
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The South was ruined by the war, as
transportation collapsed and
supplies of everything became
scarce, and by the end of the war,
the South claimed only 12% of the
national wealth as opposed to 30%
before the war, and it’s per capita
income was now 2/5 that of
Northerners, as opposed to 2/3 of
Northerners before the war
Capitalism lost out to industrial
capitalism