Download Ch11.2 - PBworks

The American Civil
War (1861-1865);
AKS38; Ch.11
Ch. 11
AKS 38
EQ
• What were the major differences between the
Union and the Confederacy with regard to
strengths, weaknesses, and military strategies?
• How did these differences present themselves on
and off the battlefield in the early stages of the
Civil War?
A House Divided
• With a partner discuss what you think Lincoln is trying to
say in this 1958 speech:
• “’A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe
this government cannot endure, permanently, half
slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do
expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all
one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of
slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it
where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in
the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will
push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the
states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”
Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor
• Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
− Lincoln’s dilemma
• First shots April 12, 1861
Order of Secession
Advantages/Strategies of War
North/Union
President Lincoln
South/Confederacy
President Jefferson Davis
• Soldiers, factories, food,
railroads
• Cotton profits, generals,
motivation
• Anaconda plan: Union
strategy to conquer South
• defense
− Blockade Southern ports
• What does “blockade”
mean?
− divide Confederacy in two in
west
− capture Richmond,
Confederate capital
• invade North if
opportunity arises
• Incredible will (The Rebel
Yell!!!!!)
http://www.history.com/shows/americ
a-the-story-of-us/videos/abrahamlincoln#lincolns-war-machine
Review
• Where were the first shots fired?
• What were the strengths of the Union?
• What were the strengths of the Confederacy?
• What was the strategy of the Union?
• What was the strategy of the Confederacy?
The Generals
North
• Ulysses S. Grant
− Had reputation as a
drunkard
− One many battles on the
Western front of the War
before being promoted
− Unlikely hero – brave and
tough
− 18th President
− Always wore a privates
uniform despite being a
general
South
• Robert E. Lee
− Lincoln’s first choice to
lead the Union Army
− Incredible soldier and
military expert
− One of the best generals
in U.S. history
− Did not support slavery
but was loyal to Virginia
The most significant advantage to the
North….
Abe Lincoln in 1861
Abe Lincoln in 1865
Abraham Lincoln
• Honest, eloquent, and courageous
• The “Great Emancipator”
• Lawyer by trade
• Born in Kentucky, but call Illinois home
• Arguably the best President in history
• Thought of as a rube during his life
• First President to be assassinated
• “Dark horse”
• Used bible stories to communicate to people
http://www.history.com/shows/americ
a-the-story-of-us/videos/abrahamlincoln#abraham-lincoln
Bull Run – first major bloodshed
• Major defeat for the Union
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
− “"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us
determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally
behind the Virginians!"
Review
• Who was the President of the U.S.
• Who was the President of the Confederacy?
• Who was the leading General of the Union?
• Who was the leading General of the
confederacy?
Antietam, Maryland
• Bloodiest single day battle in the history of the
United States
− Approximately 23,000 soldiers killed
• Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan
does not pursue
•
- Lincoln fires McClellan
http://www.history.com/videos/thebattle-of-antietam#the-battle-ofantietam
Ch11.2
EQ
• Why did Lincoln issue the
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863?
• Explain the significance of Lincoln’s
use of emergency powers.
Lincoln’s views on slavery
• Federal government has no power to abolish slavery
where it exists
• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor
for Confederacy
• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the
South
Letter to Horace Greely (1862)
“My paramount object in this struggle is to save
the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy
slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing
any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could
save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I
would also do that.”
Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about
Lincoln’s views on slavery (3 min)
GO!
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
• Emancipation Proclamation—issued by Lincoln in
1863:
− frees slaves behind Confederate lines
− does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states
in Union
Reactions to Proclamation
• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral
purpose
− What do we mean by “symbolic” value?
• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery
• Northern Democrats claim will antagonize South,
prolong war
• Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve
way of life
• Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat
the other
Dealing with dissent and disloyalty
• Habeas Corpus – order to bring accused to court,
name charges
− Lincoln suspends
− First time in U.S. History
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating
peace—among arrested
Conscription
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft to
serve in army
• Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve
for them
• Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted
− Why do you think this might be?
Review
• What were the results of the Emancipation
Proclamation?
• Why did Lincoln issue the order?
• What is Habeas Corpus?
ONE WORD
• Describe what we talked about today in one
word!
• Let’s share!
Before we watch the video, think
about…
• What it must have been like for free-blacks to fight
for the Union…
African-American Soldiers
• African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s
end 10% of army
• Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on
military rank
• High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to
slavery
Southern reaction to black soldiers
The Rebels also considered enlisting slaves in
battle. Georgia Gen. Howell Cobb said “If slaves
will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery
is wrong.”
Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about
Howell’s comments (3 min)
GO!
Economies
Union
• Industries that supply
army boom
• Women replace men on
farms, city jobs,
government jobs
• Congress establishes first
income tax on earnings to
pay for war
Confederacy
• Food shortages from lost
manpower, Union
occupation, loss of slaves
• Blockade creates other
shortages; some
Confederates trade with
enemy
What have we learned so far
• 3 - key ideas you think are most important
• 2 - things you need to study or learn more about
• 1 - question you have
EQ
• What were the battles that turned the tide of war
for the North?
• Who were the major players, and what were the
major events that brought victory home for the
Union?
Prelude to Gettysburg
• May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville
• Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops
− dies 8 days later of pneumonia
• Lee invades North to get supplies, support of
Democrats
The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
• Three-day battle at Gettysburg cripples South, turning
point of war
• Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry
• July 1, Confederates drive Union back, take town
− Little Round Top
− Pickett's charge
Before we watch the videos, think
about…
• What it must have been like to be out of
ammunition in battle and only have your bayonet!
• Think about what it must have been like for the
soldiers charging knowing that chances are that
you may not make it!
Grant at Vicksburg
• Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling
Mississippi
• Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks
Jackson
• Grant’s assaults on Vicksburg fail, begins siege in May
• Starving Confederates surrender on July 4
• Splits confederacy in two!
Northern Victories at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg are announced on the same
day July 4, 1863.
Review
• What is the significance of Gettysburg?
• What is the significance of Vicksburg?
Before we watch the video, think
about…
• What is the central theme to Lincoln’s famous
speech?
• Do you think the fact it was so short was supposed
to mean something?
The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863)
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a
new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we
can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The
world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to
the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining
before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Grant and Lee in Virginia
• Grant’s strategy: immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman
raids Georgia
• May 1864–April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles
• Heavy losses on both sides; North can replace soldiers,
South cannot
Sherman’s March to the Sea
“I am going to make
Georgia howl.”
-William Tecumseh Sherman
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Total War – Scotched earth!
• Atlanta, GA and Columbia, SC burned
− Ever notice that there are not many old buildings in
Atlanta
• Cuts a wide path of destruction
• Battle of Atlanta
BAD
DUDE!
Sherman’s March
Lincoln re-elected in 1864
• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speech
− "but let us judge not, that we be not judged"
− “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall
have borne the battle and for his widow and his
orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a
just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all
nations. “
• Write a short paragraph (4 sentences) explaining
what Lincoln’s main idea is
Before we watch, think about…
• What it must have been like for the slaves in
Richmond to see Abraham Lincoln.
• How it must have felt for those in Richmond to see
their city destroyed.
Review
• What were some of the tactics Sherman used?
• What were the results of his
Richmond Falls
http://www.history.com/videos/linc
oln-the-fall-of-richmond#lincolnthe-fall-of-richmond
Lincoln in Richmond
Appomattox
• Davis’s government leaves Richmond
• Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox
Court House (town not an actual Court House)
• Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms
Before we watch, think about…
• What kind of surrender terms would you have
given Lee…
Confederacy Surrenders
• http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-atappomattox-courthouse#surrender-atappomattox-courthouse
Review
• Where did the Confederates Surrender?
• What were the terms?
• What was Lincoln’s attitude toward the South?
EQ
• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?
The Aftermath
North
• Industry booms
South
• Industry destroyed
• Commercial agriculture
takes hold
• Farms destroyed
• Economy in shambles
620,000 DEAD
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Section 1. “Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
• What does this effectively mean?
The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre… only
6 days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by
Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train
“Now he belongs to the ages.”
Write a short story…
• Pretend you are a person who just heard the news
that Lincoln was shot… you can be a Union
soldier, confederate soldier, a freed slave, or any
type of U.S. citizen…. Discuss how the assassination
would have made you feel.
EQ
• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?