Download Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861

Chapter 16 The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 5 The War’s Final Stages
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: When fighting a war, an army
should destroy only military, not civilian,
targets.
0%
D
D. Strongly disagree
C
C. Somewhat disagree
B
B. Somewhat agree
A. A
B. B
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D. D
A
A. Strongly agree
What events led to the end of the war?
Total War Strikes the South
• General William
Tecumseh Sherman
destroyed Atlanta
• The city was burned
and citizens were
ordered to leave
• Sherman said: “War is
cruelty, and you
cannot refine it”
• The deliberate
strategy to bring the
horrors of war to the
Southern people is
called total war
• Including terror,
starvation, violence,
and homelessness
Union Strategy
• By 1864- The Union
forces surrounded the
South
• Cut off imports and
exports
• The Union controlled the
Mississippi River
• Western Confederate
states were cut off
• General Grant would
draw up a bold plan of
attack
Grant
• Ulysses S. Grant was only
an average student
• And a failure as a farmer
and businessman
• But as a soldier was
brilliant
• Victories at Shiloh,
Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga
• March 1864- Lincoln put
Grant in charge of all the
Union armies
Grant in Charge
• Grant had a plan to deliver
killing blows from all sides
• Grant would attack
Richmond
• At the same time, Sherman
would lead his attacks
across the Deep South
• Grant’s 115,000 soldiers
met Lee’s 64,000 soldiers in
a series of 3 battles at
Richmond
• Grant promised Lincoln,
“Whatever happens, there
will be no turning back”
• Grant was determined to
march southward, attacking
Lee’s forces
• Until they surrendered
The Wilderness Campaign
• Between Washington
D.C. and Richmond is
an area of dense
forests called the
Wilderness
• May 5, the 6 bloodiest
weeks of the war begun
• Grant and Lee
struggled through trees
• “It was a blind and
bloody hunt to the
death”
• Both sides had many
casualties
• Brushfires went through
the forest burning alive
200 wounded men
The Wilderness Campaign Continued
• Grant then moved south
toward Richmond
• The next battles were
fought at nearby
Spotsylvania Courthouse
and at Cold Harbor
• A Union general observed
me “writing their names
and home addresses on
slips of paper and pinning
them to the back of their
coats”
• To help people identify their
bodies
• Grant’s critics called him a
“butcher” because of the
huge loss of life among his
troops
• 50,000 deaths in 30 days
The Petersburg Siege
• A railroad center that was
vital to Confederate
movement of troops and
supplies
• If grant could take
Petersburg, Richmond
would be cut off from the
rest of the Confederacy
• Trains brought food and
reinforcements to the
Union troops
• The Confederates could
get neither
• For 9 months, the
Confederates held out
• The Union won
Sherman in Georgia
• Sherman reached
Atlanta and met the
Confederates under
John Hood
• Hood’s forced put up
major resistance
• Finally, on Sept. 1,
Hood abandoned
the city
• The mood in the
South was
desperate
• “There is no hope,
but we will try to
have no fear”
Farragut at Mobile Bay
• David Farragut was the
highest-ranking officer in the
Union
• Farragut joined the navy when
he was 12 years old
• Now in 1864 , he was leading a
fleet of 18 ships through a
narrow channel into Mobile Bay
in Alabama
• The Confederates had two forts
on either side of the channel,
and they mined the waters with
torpedoes
• Guns fired from both sides, what
should Farragut do?
• “Damn the torpedoes, full speed
ahead!”
• Farragut was suffering dizziness
and had himself tied to the ship
• The invasion worked, the Union
took the last Southern port east
of the Mississippi
The Election of 1864
• 1864- opposition to the
war grew in the North
• Lincoln was in danger of
losing the election
• After Atlanta fell and
Mobile Bay was blocked,
Northerners felt they could
win
• Lincoln won the election
• Lincoln interpreted his
reelection as a clear sign
from the voters to end
slavery permanently by
amending the Constitution
• On January 31, 1865,
Congress passed the 13th
Amendment, banning
slavery in the US
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• The Union wanted to
break the will of the South
• Sherman and his men
became destroyers
• They burned cities and
farmlands across Georgia
to the Atlantic coast
• Known as Sherman’s
March to the Sea
• Sherman continued his
path of destruction
through the Carolinas
• Took food, tore up
railroad lines and fields,
and killed livestock in an
effort to destroy anything
useful to the South
• 1000s of enslaved people
were freed
Back to Grant
• Grant continued the
siege of Petersburg
• April 2, 1865,
Confederate lines
broke and Lee
withdrew
• As word got to
Jefferson Davis, he
and his cabinet
gathered documents
• Also ordered
bridges and
weapons useful to
the enemy be set on
fire
• Then Davis and the
cabinet fled the city
Richmond
• The armory was set on
fire
• Lincoln and his son Tad
toured burning Richmond
and said:
• “Thank God I have lived to
see this. It seems to me
that I have been dreaming
a horrid nightmare for four
years, and now the
nightmare is over”
• Joyful African Americans
followed Lincoln
everywhere, singing,
laughing, and reaching
out to touch him
• At the Confederate
president’s house, Lincoln
sat in a chair in Davis’s
office and “looked far off
with a dreamy expression”
Surrender at Appomattox
• Grant wrote to Lee- “The
result of last week must
convince you of the
hopelessness of further
resistance”
• Lee believed he needed to
fight on
• But then the Union captured
a train carrying food to his
troops and Lee was
completely surrounded, he
knew it was over
• In the little town of
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia, Grant met with Lee
• The troops kept their
weapons, officers kept their
horses, and no one would
disturb the soldiers on their
way home
• Grant also gave 25,000
rations to feed Lee’s troops
• The War was over
The Toll of War
• Deadliest war in US
history
• More than 600,000
soldiers died
• Cost billions of
dollars
• City and farmlands
were destroyed and
would take years to
rebuild
• The Union was saved
• The federal
government was
strengthened and
now clearly more
powerful than the
states
The Toll of the War Continued
• The war freed millions of
African Americans
• The end of slavery did not
solve the problems that the
newly freed African
Americans were to face
• Many questions remained
including- How to bring the
Southern states back into
the Union
• And- What the status of
African Americans would be
in Southern society
• Americans tried to answer
these questions in the years
following the Civil War- an
era known as
Reconstruction
What events led to the end of the war?
- Wilderness campaign
- Blockade of Mobile Bay
- Sherman’s March to the Sea
- Total War
- Fall of Richmond
The systematic destruction of an entire
land—not just an army—is called
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Petersburg.
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Vicksburg.
Shiloh.
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A nine-month siege resulted from Ulysses S.
Grant's assault on the railroad center of
What helped Lincoln win the
1864 election?
A. Lee's surrender
B. winning at
Gettysburg
C. William T. Sherman's
capture of Atlanta
D. promotion of Grant
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Sherman's march to Savannah
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cold war.
undeclared war.
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General Robert E. Lee surrendered to
General Ulysses S. Grant in a small Virginia
village called
A. Richmond.
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B. Appomattox Court
House.
C. Vicksburg.
D. Gettysburg.
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