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Chapter 10 Human Development Across the Lifespan Chapter 10 Preview Studying Development Physical Development Across the Life Span Cognitive Development Across the Life Span Acquiring Language Chapter 10 Preview Social Development Across the Life Span Sex and Gender Differences Moral Development Learning to Age Successfully Recapping Main Points Developmental Psychology Interaction between physical and psychological Psychology Developmental processes Stages of growth from conception throughout entire life span Stages in Life Span Development Studying Development Chronological Normative age Investigations Developmental age Studying Development Longitudinal Design Designs Cross-Sectional Design Babies Prewired for Survival Can you think of any others? Repertory of Visual preferences survival reflexes at birth Locomotion General Principles of Physical Development Cephalocaudal Proximodistal principle principle Development Physical Physical Development Across the Life Span Bodily changes, maturation and growth that occur in organism beginning with conception and continuing across life span Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research Physical Development Fetus Embryo Zygote Prenatal and Germinal Childhood Stage Development Embryonic Stage Fetal Stage Physical Development Eleanor Gibson Robert Richard Fantz Walk Babies Prewired for Survival Physical Development Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Any environmental factor that causes Teratogen structural abnormalities in fetus Development of Human Brain Physical Development Physical Development Growth • Maturation • Age-related physical and and behavioral Maturation characteristic of in Childhood changes species • Continuing influence of heredity throughout development Physical Development in Adolescence Puberty • Attainment of sexual maturity Menarche • Onset of menstruation Physical Changes in Adulthood Vision Hearing Reproductive and sexual functioning Cognitive Development • Development of Cognitive Development process of knowing, imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem-solving Cognitive Development Nature versus Nurture • John Locke • Jean-Jacques Rousseau Studying Development Normative Investigations • Chronological age • Developmental age Studying Development Designs • Longitudinal Design • Cross-Sectional Design Jean Piaget’s Insights Building Blocks of Developmental Change Assimilation • New cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily Accommodation • Restructuring cognitive structures so that new information can fit into them more easily Schemes • Cognitive structure used to interpret world and adapt to environment Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Stages in Cognitive Development Preoperational Stage Sensorimotor Stage • 2-7 years old • 0-2 years old • Egocentrism • Object permanence • Centration Stages in Cognitive Development Concrete Operations Stage • 7-11 years old • Conservation • Reversibility Tests of Conservation Stages in Cognitive Development Formal Operations Stage • 11 years to adulthood • Abstract and hypothetical thinking Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development Renee Infant Cognition Baillargeon Research Theory of Mind Ability to explain and predict Theory of mind other people’s behavior based on understanding of their mental states Theory of Mind Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development Social and Cultural Influences Internalization Lev Vygotsky Cognitive Development in Adulthood Intelligence “Fluid” “Crystallized” intelligence intelligence “Wisdom Cognitive Development in Adulthood Selective Optimization with Compensation Paul and Margaret Baltes Cognitive Development in Adulthood Age- related declines Memory typically evident in only some abilities Acquiring Language Grammar Syntax Phonology Pragmatics Semantics Acquiring Language Perceiving Speech and Words Learning New Words Acquiring Grammar Noam Chomsky Innate Dan Slobin Language-making capacity Acquiring Language Development Social Social Development Ways in which individuals’ social interactions and expectations change across life span Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Psychology in Your Life What happens when children become bilingual? Would you engage your own child to become bilingual? Why? Why not? Read more about this on page 278 of your text. Socialization Social Development in Childhood Lifelong process through which individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skill, attitudes and motives are shaped to conform to those seen as socially desirable Social Development in Childhood Biologically-based level of emotional and Temperament behavioral response to environmental events Sets stage for later aspects of social development Jerome Kagan Social Development in Childhood Attachment Konrad John • Intense, enduring, Lorenz Bowlby • Imprinting • Internal social-emotional relationship working model Social Development in Childhood Strange Situation Test Attachment and Mary Ainsworth • Securely attached • Insecurely attached avoidant • Insecurely attached ambivalent/resistant Social Development in Childhood Manner in which parents rear Parenting Styles children Impact on attachment relationships Classification of Parenting Styles Social Development in Childhood Contact Comfort and Social Experience Human Deprivation • Harry Harlow’s monkeys • Contact comfort • Stephen Suomi • Cross-fostering • Lack of close, loving relationship in infancy affects physical growth and even survival Social Development in Adolescence • G. Stanley Hall Experience of Adolescence • Storm and Stress • Anna Freud • Maragret Mead and Ruth Benedict • Erik Erikson • Independence Social Development in Adolescence • James Marcia Identify Formation • Expanded on Erikson’s analysis • Identity diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement Social Deveolpment in Adolescence • Complete with parents to shape attitudes and behaviors Peer Relationships • Friendships Cliques Crowds • More likely to engage risky behaviors when under peer influence Critical Thinking in Your Life How does day care affect children’s development? Use findings from your text on page 286 to answer this question. Social Development in Adulthood • Capacity to make full commitment Intimacy • Selective social interaction theory • Laura Carstensen • Commitment beyond one’s self and Generativity one’s partner • George Vaillant Sex and Gender Differences Sex Differences Gender • Biologically based • Psychological characteristics that phenomenon distinguish males referring to learned and females sex-related behaviors and attitudes Sex and Gender Differences Gender Identity Gender Roles • Individual’s sense of • Patterns of behavior maleness or regarded as femaleness appropriate for • Includes awareness males and females and acceptance of in particular society one’s sex Sex and Gender Differences Acquisition of Gender Roles • Eleanor Maccoby • Young children are segregationists • Many gender differences result of peer relationships Moral Development Morality System of beliefs, values, and underlying judgments about the rightness or wrongness of human acts Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development and Preconventional Reasoning Conventional Principled Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning Carol Gilligan Women’s morality is Men’s morality is based on standard based on standard of caring for others of justice Learning to Age Successfully Successful Aging • Selective Optimization with Compensation • Optimization • Compensation Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points Studying Development Physical Development Across the Life Span • Prenatal and Childhood Development • Physical Development in Adolescence • Physical Changes in Adulthood Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points Cognitive Development Across the Life Span • Piaget’s Insight • Contemporary Perspectives • Cognitive Development in Adulthood Acquiring Language • Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words • Learning Word Meanings • Acquiring Grammar Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points Social Development Across the Life Span • Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages • Social Development in Childhood • Social Development in Adolescence • Social Development in Adulthood Sex and Gender Differences • Sex Differences • Gender Identity and Gender Roles Recapping Chapter 10 Main Points Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Stages • Gender and Cultural perspectives Learning to Age Successfully