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Endocrine Control
Starr/Taggart’s
Biology:
The Unity and Diversity of Life,
Chapter 37
9e
Key Concepts:
Hormones integrate activities of individual
cells in ways that benefit the whole body
Only the cells with receptors for specific
hormones are the targets
Hormones affect the target cells in various
different ways
Key Concepts:
Hormones help the body adjust to short
and long-term adjustments in cell
activities
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
interact to coordinate the activities of
endocrine glands
Other factors besides hormones trigger
hormone secretions
Hormones and Other
Signaling Molecules
Hormones
Secretory products of endocrine glands
Dispersed via the blood
Target sites throughout the body
Neurotransmitters
Released from axons
Local signaling molecules
Local regions
Pheromones
Exocrine secretions
Neural - Endocrine
Control Center
Pituitary gland
interacts with
the
hypothalamus
The Human Endocrine System
Signaling Mechanisms
Steroids
Testosterone, Estrogens, Progestins, Cortisol,
Thyroid, Vitamin D, Aldosterone
Peptides
Glucagon, ADH, Oxytocin, TRH
Proteins
Insulin, Somatotropin, Prolactin
Glycoproteins
FSH, LH, TSH
The Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Monitors internal
activities and
organs
Pituitary Gland
Posterior Lobe
ADH
Oxytocin
The Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe
ACTH, TSH,
FSH, LH, PRL,
GH
Capillary beds
from the
hypothalamus
Examples of Abnormal
Pituitary Output
Gigantism
Excess GH in childhood
Dwarfism
Underproduction of GH
Diabetes insipidus
Diminished ADH secretion
Acromegaly
Excess GH in adulthood
Sources and Hormones
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal medulla
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Glucocorticoids
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
PTH
Androgens
Estrogen
Progesterone
Sources and Hormones
Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Thymus
Thymosins
Pineal
Melatonin
Stomach
Gastrin
Small intestine
Gastrin
Secretin
Sources and Hormones
Liver
Somatomedins
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Angiotensin
Calcitriol
Heart
Atrial natriuretic
hormone
Feedback Control of
Hormonal Secretions
Negative
Feedback
Some positive
feedback
Labor and
delivery
The Thyroid
 Thyroxine
Iodine
 TSH from the
anterior pituitary
gland stimulates
thyroid
 Hypothyroidism
Goiter
 Hyperthyroidism
Feedback Control of
the Gonads
Loop to the
hypothalamus
and pituitary
gland from the
ovaries
Secretions from
Parathyroid Glands
PTH
Regulates calcium levels in blood
Low calcium blood levels
---->
Parathyroid secretes PTH
Secretions from
Pancreatic Islets
Alpha cells
Glucagon
Glycogen conversion to glucose
Beta cells
Insulin
Glucose uptake by cells
Delta
Somatostatin
Control of digestion
Diabetes
Type I
Autoimmune
response against
insulin secreting
cells
“Childhood
Diabetes”
Type II
Less production of
insulin
Target cells
respond less with
age
“Adult Diabetes”
Hormonal Responses to
Environmental Cues
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Levels influence hormones and gonads
Influence on sleep/wake cycles
Dark
• Increase in melatonin
• Depressed activity
• “Winter Blues”
In Conclusion
 Cells exchange substances with the
internal environment
 Integration of cell activities requires the
stimulatory or inhibitory effects of
molecules
 Those molecules can be hormones,
neurotransmitters, and pheromones
In Conclusion
 Certain steroids, peptides, proteins, and
glycoproteins are hormones
 Hormones exert their physiological effects
through interactions with specific protein
receptors
 The posterior pituitary gland stores and
secretes ADH and oxytocin
In Conclusion
 The anterior pituitary gland makes and
secretes hormones which target organs
 The vertebrate body has other sources of
hormones throughout the body
 Hormone interactions, feedback
mechanisms, receptors on target cells, and
the environment influence hormone
secretions

developed by M. Roig