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Transcript
HST I 2009 - 2010 1 CONFIDENTIAL Structure and Function • Primary function of the endocrine system – To produce hormones that monitor and coordinate body activities • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream • Two classes of hormones: – Nonsteroid – Steroid 2 CONFIDENTIAL Structure and Function (Continued) • Three categories of hormones: – Tropic hormones • Target other endocrine structures to increase growth and secretions – Sex hormones • Influence reproductive changes – Anabolic hormones • Stimulate the process of building tissues 3 CONFIDENTIAL Figure 18-1 The Endocrine System 4 CONFIDENTIAL Glands and Their Hormones • Hypothalamus – Structure located above the pituitary gland – Translates nervous system impulses into endocrine system messages • Pituitary gland (master gland) – Produces the hormones that regulate the secretion of other glands • Pineal body – Produces the hormone melatonin – Pea-shaped located in the brain 5 CONFIDENTIAL Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) • Thymus – Produces the hormone thymosin that stimulates the lymphoid organs to produce T-lymphocytes or antibodies in newborns and young children • Thyroid – Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism – Butterfly shaped 6 CONFIDENTIAL Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) • Parathyroid – Four tiny glands attached in the back of thyroid gland – Secretes parathyroid hormone, which affects the amount of calcium in the blood • Pancreas – Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon • Insulin regulates transportation of sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells. • Adrenal glands – Produce about 30 hormones 7 CONFIDENTIAL Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) • Gonads – The primary sex glands • Female: ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone • Male: testes produce hormone testosterone • Prostaglandins – Known to decrease blood pressure, cause fever, increase hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, increase uterine contraction during pregnancy, and influence intestinal peristalsis 8 CONFIDENTIAL Hormonal Changes of Puberty • Adrenal gland secretes the hormones that begin the development of secondary sexual characteristics • In a man, the voice deepens and facial hair begins to grow • In a woman, the breasts enlarge and fatty tissue is deposited around the hips • In both men and women height and weight increase 9 CONFIDENTIAL Hormonal Changes of Pregnancy • The placenta, or interfacing organ between the fetal and maternal circulation, produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Increased estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries are maintained until the placenta begins to produce these hormones • Progesterone increases the mobility of the pelvic and lower back bones to allow the birthing process • The pituitary and thyroid glands increase in size, resulting in a higher metabolic rate 10 CONFIDENTIAL Disorders of the Endocrine System • Acromegaly – An enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and jaws • Addison's disease – Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland • Cretinism – Condition resulting from a congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion or hypothyroidism 11 CONFIDENTIAL Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) • Cushing’s syndrome – Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands, which is triggered by the oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH • Diabetes insipidus – From an acquired or inherited decrease in the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary • Diabetes mellitus – A disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas 12 CONFIDENTIAL Table 18-2 Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus 13 CONFIDENTIAL Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) • Dwarfism – Results from hyposecretion of the growth hormone of the pituitary gland, which has been caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or trauma • Gigantism – An excessive growth of the long bones caused by hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone • Graves’ disease – Caused by hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis 14 CONFIDENTIAL Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) • Hyperparathyroidism – Causes hypercalcemia, an increased calcium blood level • Hypoglycemia – Results from increased insulin production by the pancreas • Hypoparathyroidism – A decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone that causes tetany 15 CONFIDENTIAL Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) • Hypothyroidism – Also called Hashimoto's disease, results from an insufficient production of thyroxine • Goiter - an enlargement of the thyroid gland • Virilism – Results from increased secretion in the adrenal glands 16 CONFIDENTIAL Issues and Innovations • Steroid abuse – Causes problems for men such as stunted growth, liver tumors, and decreased sperm production – Causes problems for women such as loss of menstrual cycle and baldness 17 CONFIDENTIAL Careers • Endocrinologist • Nuclear Medicine Technologist 18 CONFIDENTIAL Medical Terms Root word: aden(o) – denoting the glands • Adenitis inflammation • Adenoblast immature or embryonic cell • Adenoid like, resembling • Adenoma tumor, swelling • Adenodynia pain, ache 19 CONFIDENTIAL Medical Terms Root word: adren(o) – denoting the adrenal glands • • • • • Adrenomegaly enlargement Adrenopathy disease Adrenalectomy excision,removal Adrenotoxin poison Adrenokinetic movement,stimulation 20 CONFIDENTIAL Medical Terms Root word: thyr(o) – denoting relationship to the thyroid glands • • • • Thyrocele tumor, swelling Thyropenia decrease, deficiency Thyroiditis inflammation Thyro toxic osis poison condition, disease • Hypo thyroid ism less, deficient state or condition 21 CONFIDENTIAL Assignment: Xtranormal For this unit we will be making our own cartoon movie that discusses information about one of the disease processes covered in the power point. • Students will be able to choose which disease or condition they would like depicted in their Xtranormal. This will be a paired project and will be due on Monday April 19, 2010. 22 CONFIDENTIAL Instructions • Find two websites to obtain information regarding the disease process, which you will use to write your script. • Be sure to include the following information: - Definition of disease - Population it affects (Who are most likely to get this disease?) - How the disease is diagnosed - Treatment options - Complications from disease - Signs and Symptoms of the disease 23 CONFIDENTIAL • Write out script. Make it something creative and entertaining but also educational. • Once your script has been approved, go to www.Xtranormal.com or www.goanimate.com and sign up for a free account. • Make sure your movie meets the following specifications. 24 CONFIDENTIAL Criteria • Movie must be at least 2 minutes long 25 points • Must include info stated previously for script. 50 points • Must be grammatically correct. 10 points • Must be creative, do not want repetition of info, make a story. 15 points (Total 100) • Must be completed and ready for viewing at the beginning of class on Monday April 18, 2010. 25 CONFIDENTIAL