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The Endocrine System What is the system? 1. Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones (chemical messengers) 2. Responsible for regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual development 3. Responses to stress and injury 4. Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis) OVERALL • HORMONES are chemical MESSENGERS that act on target cells (or organs) • Endocrine – secretions inside the body • Exocrine – secretions outside the body (sweat) Major Structures Hormone Control • Master Gland = Pituitary Gland • BUT…… the hypothalamus controls the actions of the pituitary gland! Pituitary Gland Control of Hormone Release Negative Feedback • When hormone levels rise, the brain detects it • Then, that gland is shut off!! Pituitary Gland Hormones • • • • • • • • Prolactin (PRL) Growth Hormone (GH) Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Oxytocin (OXY) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) -Color Denotes Posterior Pituitary Hormones Prolactin • Stimulates milk production from a woman's breasts after childbirth Growth Hormone • Stimulates growth in childhood and is important for maintaining a healthy body composition. • In adults it is also important for maintaining muscle mass and bone mass. It can affect fat distribution in the body. HGH and Controversy • Human Growth Hormone can be prescribed to treat growth disorders in children • Also currently used in U.S. livestock milk production, deemed controvercial • Athletes have been abusing this drug since 1982 as it is an “anabolic” agent, was impossible to detect difference in blood test b/t natural and artificial until 2001 • It is banned by the NCAA and IOC Problems with pituitary can result in dwarfism Or a person can grow too much! These are pictures of the man known as “The Alton Giant”, Robert Wadlow. The video clip is of Andre the Giant-wrestler/actor. He suffered from acromegaly, an over secretion of GH Adrenocorticotropin • Stimulates production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. • Cortisol, a so-called "stress hormone," is vital to survival. It helps maintain blood pressure and blood glucose levels. Many diet aids claim that they block cortisol levels. Cortisol from stress may lead to fat deposits in the belly. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone • Stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones, which, in turn, control (regulate) the body's metabolism, energy, growth and development, and nervous system activity. Luteinizing/Follicle Stimulating Hormone • LH regulates testosterone in men and estrogen in women. • FSH promotes sperm production in men and stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulate) in women. Oxytocin • causes milk letdown in nursing mothers and contractions during childbirth. Antidiuretic Hormone • Also called vasopressin, is stored in the back part of the pituitary gland and regulates water balance. • If this hormone is not secreted properly, this can lead to problems of sodium (salt) and water balance, and could also affect the kidneys so that they do not work as well. Thyroid Gland • The thyroid hormones control your metabolism, which is the body's ability to break down food and store it as energy and the ability to break down food into waste products with a release of energy in the process. Thyroid Hormones • Thyroxin (T4) & Tri-iodothyronine (T3) both increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates • Calcitonin – regulates the blood concentration of calcium • BMR – basal metabolic rate : how many calories the body must consume to maintain life Thyroid Problems!! • Thyroid hormone is partly made of iodine. Iodine is essential for the formation of thyroxin. If a person doesn’t eat enough iodine, they can’t make thyroid hormone. • So, the size of the follicle grows b/c there is no hormone output (like an engine running idle), the gland grows = GOITER. • Iodine is only found in seafood, so if salt wasn’t iodized, a lot of people wouldn’t get enough iodine, and there would be a lot of goiters. GOITERS! Hypothyroidism • Early symptoms: • Being more sensitive to cold • Constipation • Depression • Fatigue • Heavier menstrual periods • Joint or muscle pain • Paleness or dry skin • Thin, brittle hair • Weakness • Unintentional weight gain • a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism: Before and After Treatment Cretinism (hypothyroidism in infants) Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease Parathyroid Gland • Located behind the thyroid, four tiny glands that help maintain calcium and phosphorous levels • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - takes calcium from the bones to make it available in the blood Adrenal Glands • Each adrenal gland is actually 2 endocrine organs located right above each kidney. • The outer portion is called the adrenal cortex. • Makes hormones involved in glucose and mineral balance, anti-inflammatory (long term stress response) • The inner portion is called the adrenal medulla. • These hormones stimulate the “Fight or Flight” response (Short term stress response) Medulla Hormones Epinephrine • Adrenaline • Increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight or flight response Norepinephrine • Noradrenaline • Affects parts of the brain (amygdala) where attention and responses are controlled • Directly increases heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle (F or F) Cortex Hormone • Cortisol – glucocorticoid, keeps blood glucose levels stable • It stimulates the release of amino acids from the body • It stimulates lipolysis, the breakdown of fat • It stimulates the production of glucose from newly-released amino acids and lipids • It increases blood glucose levels in response to stress, by inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells • It strengthens cardiac muscle contractions • It increases water retention • It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects Adrenal Gland Disorders Cushing’s Syndrome • Hypersecretion of cortisol • Round “moon” face and “buffalo hump” Addison’s disease • Hyposecretion of cortisol • Low blood pressure results • Increased pigmentation, weight loss, muscle weakness, salt craving, nausea, irritability, sexual dysfunction Pancreas • The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels. • Contains islands of cells called the Islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin Pancreas Hormones • Glucagon – stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, raises blood sugar concentration • Insulin – decreases blood sugar concentrations, affects the uptake of glucose by cells *Both hormones work together to maintain a balance in the blood sugar Diabetes • Diabetes Mellitus – results from an insulin deficiency, blood sugar rises (hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in the urine. • Type I - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by inherited immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells Adult Onset Diabetes • Type II – mature onset diabetes (usually after the age of 40), often individuals are overweight, can be controlled with diet and exercise Insulin Effects • Injection of insulin will lower the blood sugar levels • Hypoglycemia can occur if levels become too low, can be cured with direct injection of glucose or with eating something high in sugar. This is why diabetics often have candy. Other Endocrine Organs • Pineal Gland – located between the cerebral hemispheres, secretes melatonin, important for maintaining Circadian rhythms (light and dark activity) • Reproductive Glands – testes and ovaries – testosterone,progesterone, estrogen Estrogen vs. Testosterone • Pre-Synthesized from cholesterol • Testosterone is converted into estrogen in the ovaries using an enzyme • All men have small levels of estrogen, but capable of producing more Steroids • Anabolic steroids are artificially produced hormones that are the same as, or similar to, androgens, the maletype sex hormones in the body. There are more than 100 variations of anabolic steroids. The most powerful androgen is testosterone.