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Transcript
Endocrine System ST 120 Day # 1 Objectives Medical Terminology Location of the Endocrine Glands Hormones, steroid, non-steroid Discuss the function of the following Endocrine glands Pituitary Hypothalmus Thyroid Parathyroid Related Diseases Functions of the Endocrine System Hormone Secretion Communication Control E N D O C R I N E G L A N D S Endocrine System Organs ALL organs of the Endocrine System are Glands ALL Glands are not organs of the Endocrine System Glands WHERE DO THESE GLANDS SECRETE THEIR PRODUCTS? Endocrine- Into the bloodstream Exocrine- Into ducts Endocrine System Medical Terminology Endocrinologist- A specialist in DX and treatment of malfunctions of the Endocrine system Endocrinopathy- Endocrine system disease Hypercrinism- Excessive secretion of any gland Hypocrinism- A condition caused by a secretion deficiency of any gland QUESTION????? What are the functions of the Endocrine System????? Hormones A substance secreted by an Endocrine Gland FUNCTION Regulates Metabolism Growth and Development Reproduction Homeostasis Function of the Endocrine System HOW DO HORMONES KNOW WHERE TO GO??? THEY DON’T!!!!! HOW DO HORMONES GET WHERE THEY NEED TO GO??? Receptor Sites – Target Cells Hormones TWO Major Classes of Hormones Steroid Hormones • Metabolism control • Inflammation control • Salt water balance • Sexual characteristic development • Ability to withstand illness, injury Non-Steroid Hormones • Whole Proteins • “First Messenger” • Delivers message to receptor Hormones Tropic Hormones Hormones that control the release of other hormones. Can release hormones Can inhibit release of hormones Non-Steroid Hormones How do they function?????? Delivers chemical message from cells of endocrine gland to target organ Highly specific receptor sites of target organ receive chemical message (AMP) Chemical reactions occur Molecules called Second Messengers are activated Second Messengers activate hormone in target organ Non-Steroid Hormones LOCK and KEY Model Interaction between hormone and receptor cell Non- Steroid Hormones QUESTION????? What are the functions of hormones??? QUESTION????? Describe the lock and key model. QUESTION????? Explain how the second messenger works. Steroid Hormones HOW DO THEY FUNCTION?????? Can pass directly from endocrine gland into the target organ cell. (Steroid hormones are generally lipids) They bind with receptors in the nucleus They bind with DNA in the nucleus Lock and Key Model Steroid Hormones Steroid Hormones Examples of Steroid Hormones Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens Estrogens Progesterone Testosterone Feedback Loops Negative Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System Amplifies Changes Example- Increase of Oxytocin for Uterine contractions Endocrine System Prostaglandins Tissue Hormones Found in a variety of tissues Play important role in communication Believed to influence AMP QUESTION????? Give three examples of steroid hormones Pituitary Gland Located in the cranium on the Sella Turcica Pituitary Gland AKA- The Master Gland Two Divisions Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Secretes -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pg 498 - Growth Hormone (GH) - Prolactin (lactogenic hormone) Anterior Pituitary QUESTION????? What is the Adenohypophysis??? QUESTION????? What are the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? Name one of their functions Posterior Pituitary Secretes- Antidiuretic Hormone - Oxytocin Medical Terminology Hypoglycemia- lower than normal blood glucose concentration. Too much insulin in the blood Hyperglycemia- higher than normal blood glucose concentration Diuretic- increasing volume of urine excreted Diabetes Insipidus- Caused by insufficient production ADH Abnormalities of GH Gigantism- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years Dwarfism- Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years Acromegaly- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone After developmental years Pituitary Adenoma- A benign tumor causes excess hormone secretion Treatment Hypophysectomy- radiation or surgery to remove all or part of the pituitary Human Growth Hormone Therapy- Synthetic used to stimulate growth hormone Hypothalmus -Produces ADH and Oxytocin -Sends message down axons to posterior pituitary -Posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin -Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones -Travels down blood capillaries to anterior pituitary -Anterior pituitary releases hormones Hypothalmus Helps to maintain homeostasis QUESTION????? Explain how Oxytocin moves from the hypothalamus, to the blood stream Thyroid Gland Function is to regulate body’s metabolism Secretes - Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine - Calcitonin Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland is DIFFERENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -Stores thyroid hormones in colloid compound -Colloid material is stored in the follicles of the gland -Hormones are released from colloid into blood when needed Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland Calcitonin- Decreases blood calcium concentration - Inhibits bone breakdown - Prevents hypercalcemia- excessive calcium in the blood. Thyroid Conditions Hypothyroidism- deficiency of thyroid secretion Hyperthyroidism- Excess of thyroid secretion Hashimoto’s thyroiditis- Autoimmune disorder, immune system attacks thyroid can lead to Goiter’s Grave’s disease- Autoimmune disorder, hyperthyroidism. Goiter, exophthalmos Parathyroid Gland Function- regulate calcium levels Secretes- Parathyroid/Parathormone Regulates- Calcium Levels in the blood Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Conditions Hypoparthyroidism- insufficient or absent secretion Of parathyroid. Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany Hyperparathyroidism- over production of PTH Can lead to weakened bones, kidney stone formation Tetany- Abnormal condition, followed by muscle spasms Opposites C A L C I T O N I N P A R A T Y R O I D P T H QUESTION????? What would happen if the thyroid produced an excess of Calcitonin? QUESTION????? What is the antagonist for Calcitonin? QUESTION????? What causes a goiter? Where can a goiter be found? Why do most people today not get goiters? Day 2 Endocrine System Objectives- Function of Adrenal Glands - Related diseases - Function of Pancreas - Related diseases - Medical Terminology Adrenal Glands Located one on top of each kidney Function - Controls electrolyte levels - Regulates Metabolism - Interaction with sympathetic nervous system Adrenal Gland Adrenal Glands Each Adrenal gland consist of two parts Adrenal Cortex- Outer portion Adrenal medulla- Inner Portion Adrenal Cortex There are three layers in the Adrenal cortex Outer Zone – Secretes Mineralocorticoids Middle Zone- Secretes Glucocorticoids Inner Zone - Secretes Sex Hormones Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone- Primary mineralocorticoid -Steroid Hormone -Increase the amount of sodium -Decrease the amount of potassium -Speeds up kidney reabsorption of water Glucocorticoids Cortisol- Primary glucocorticoid - Steroid Hormone -Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates fats, proteins -Influence Blood Pressure -Anti-inflammatory effect -Maintains normal blood glucose concentration Gluocorticoids Gluconeogenesis Process • of converting amino acids, fatty acids to glucose Amino acids move out of tissue cells into blood • Circulates to liver • Liver changes them to glucose • Leaves liver cells and enters blood Gluocorticoids Anti-immunity, antiallergy effect • Decrease number of cells that produce anti-bodies Anti-inflammatory effect • Hydrocortisone Gluocorticoids Stress- extreme stimuli act on the body • The body’s first response is to release glucocorticoids • Surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, intense emotions Sex Hormones Androgen- Primary Hormone • In BOTH Males and Females • Stimulates sex drive in females • Has no significant effect on males Questions????? Explain the process of glycogneogenesis What is the function of Mineral corticoids? What are the two divisions of the adrenal gland? Adrenal Pathology •Adrenalitis- inflammation of adrenal glands •Addison’s disease- Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol Cause- Disorder of adrenal glands, inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary gland •Aldosteronism- electrolyte abnormality caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone •Cushing’ s Syndrome- Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol Adrenal Medulla Function – Helps with Stress (Fight or Flight) Secretes – Epinephrine or Norepinephrine Not necessary for life!!!!! Receives impulse from the nerves, acts quickly Adrenal Medulla STRESS!!!!!!!!!!! WAS YOUR ADRENAL MEDULLA WORKING DURING YOUR FINAL EXAM????????????? OR WAS IT YOUR ADRENAL CORTEX????? Discuss STRESS!!!!!!!!!!! Epinephrine prolongs , intensifies changes In the body Hypothalmus acts on the anterior pituitary To release ACTH. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Questions???? Name two hormones that can be considered part of A negative feedback loop? What is ACTH, and what does it do? Endocrine System Day # 3 ST 120 Objectives Function and structure of following glands Pancreatic islets Ovaries Testes Thymus Pineal Gland Placenta Medical terminology Related Diseases Review Pancreas??? The Pancreas in itself is part of the digestive system. Then Why……..is it listed as part of the Endocrine System??????? Islets cells within the Pancreas have endocrine function. AKA Islets of Langerhans Islets of Langerhans Pancreatic Islets Function- Controls Blood Sugar Two kinds of cells in pancreatic islets • Glucagon (alpha cells) • Insulin (beta cells) Glucagon Accelerates a process called liver glycogenolysis A chemical process by which glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver. It leaves liver cells and enters the blood Other hormones increase blood sugar- Glucocorticoids, GH Insulin Function- decreases blood sugar Insulin is secreted into the blood Sugar moves from blood into cells, liver Stored as energy reserve Diabetes Type 1- AKA insulin-dependant - juvenile diabetes - Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder Hyposecretion of insulin Diabetes Type 2- AKA non-insulin dependant - adult onset - insulin is produced - insulin is not used effectively - body tries to compensate by secreting more insulin Diabetes Symptoms Increased urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Excessive hunger (polyphagia) Weight loss Blurred vision Extreme fatigue Slow healing Recurring infections Tingling sensations Gestational Diabetes Develops during pregnancy Overweight women more susceptible Disappears after birth in most cases More likely to develop type 2 diabetes Diabetic Emergencies DO call 911 Hypoglycemia-Shock Hyperglycemia- Coma Questions?????????? What is the difference between Type 1, and Type 2 diabetes? Explain glycogenolysis Explain glyconeogenesis Questions?????????? What is polyuria? What is peripheral neuropathy? Ovaries Function- Female developmental characteristics - Pregnancy Located in the abdominopelvic cavity Secretes- Estrogens, Progesterones - Relaxin Relaxin- Dilates cervix, relaxes symphysis pubis spermotility Ovaries Two different types of glandular tissue Ovarian Follicles- A pocket where ova develops - Secretes Estrogen Corpus Luteum- Secretes Progesterone Ovaries Female Hormones Estrogen – Ovarian Follicles/Corpus Luteum -“feminizing hormone” - development of breasts - external genitalia - body contours Progesterone- Corpus Luteum/Placenta - Released during the second half of menstrual cycle - Complete preparations for pregnancy Placenta Function- Allows for exchange of nutrients oxygen, waste products during pregnancy. Secretes- Progesterone, Estrogen Chorionic gonadotropins Chorion – outermost membrane surrounds baby in utero Medical Terminology • Gonads- Sex organs - Produces gametes • Gametes- reproductive cell • Gonadotropic Hormone- Any hormone that stimulates the gonads Questions????????? Which Hormone(s) are secreted by the ovarian Follicles? What is the male gamete? What is the function of progesterone if fertilization of the ova does not take place? O V A R I E S T E S T E S Testicles Located in the scrotum Function- Produce male sex cells, - Testosterone - Semen Secretes- Testosterone Inhibin Inhibin- Inhibits secretion of FSH for sperm control Testicle Semen - Liquid portion of male reproductive fluid - Produced in ducts and glands Testosterone- secreted from interstitial cells within the testicles Testosterone “Maculinizing Hormone” -Maturation of external genitals -Beard growth -Voice change -Muscular development -Change in body contours Medical Terminology • Hypergonadism- Excessive secretion of sex gland hormones •Hypogonadism- Deficient secretion of sex gland hormones •Gynecomastia- Excessive mammary development in males Question?????????? What is the difference between semen and sperm? Testosterone is responsible for developing what Characteristics in males? Thymus Function- Important role in body’s immune system Secretes- Thymosin- Stimulates Maturation of lymphocytes , T-cells Location- Mediastinum Behind the sternum Diseases of Thymus Thymitis- Inflammation of the Thymus Thymoma- Usually benign tumor Pineal Gland Function- ?????????????? Part of body’s internal clock Secretes- Melantonin Location- Central portion of the brain Third Eye- receives and responds to sensory information from optic nerve Melatonin • Increases at night • Decreases during the day • Influences sleep and wakefulness • Inhibits tropic hormones of the ovaries • Possibly regulates the onset of puberty Other Endocrine Structures • • • • Kidneys Stomach Intestines Atrium of the heart • Leptin- a hormone that is thought to regulate satiety Questions???????? What is the primary function of the Thymus? What effect does Melantonin have? What is the Chorion? Questions????????? Where are the following Endocrine Glands located?? •Hypothalmus •Thymus •Pancreas •Adrenals •Testes •Ovaries