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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 9 The Endocrine System Slides 9.1 – 9.22 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings TODAY’S EQ • WHY IS THE PITUITARY GLAND CONSIDERED THE MASTER GLAND? • Provide your response below: • Please list any numbers you have questions from At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework TODAY’S EQ • WHY IS THE PITUITARY GLAND CONSIDERED THE MASTER GLAND? • Provide your response below: • Please list any numbers you have questions from At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework I. The Endocrine System A. Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood B. Hormones are produced by specialized cells C. Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids D. Blood transfers hormones to target sites Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.1 TODAY’S EQ p. 10 • How do our 2 main classes of hormones communicate differently? Provide your responses below: • 1) • 2) • Please list any numbers you have questions from At the Clinic/Short Answer Homework E. These hormones regulate the activity of other cells • Reproduction • Growth and development • Mobilization of body defenses • Maintenance of much of homeostasis • Regulation of metabolism II. The Chemistry of Hormones A. Amino acid-based hormones Proteins Peptides Amines B. Steroids – made from cholesterol C. Prostaglandins – made from highly active lipids Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.3 III. Mechanisms of Hormone Action A. Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or organs) B. Target cells must have specific protein receptors C. Hormone binding influences the working of the cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.4 D. Effects Caused by Hormones 1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state 2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes 3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes 4. Stimulation of mitosis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.5 E. Steroid Hormone Action 1. Steroid hormones can diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells 2. Enter the nucleus 3. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA 4. Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.6 Steroid Hormone Action http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_vi ew0/chapter10/animation__mechanism_of_steroid_hormone _action__quiz_1_.html Figure 9.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.7 F. Non-steroid Hormone Action 1. Hormone binds to a membrane receptor 2. Hormone does not enter the cell 3. Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme 4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule 5. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.8 Nonsteroid Hormone Action Figure 9.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.9 G. Control of Hormone Release 1. Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by negative feedback 2. A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone 3. Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.10 IV. Stimuli of Endocrine Glands A. Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones Figure 9.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.11 B. Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release Figure 9.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.12 C. In some cases Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release D. Most are under control of the sympathetic nervous system Figure 9.2c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.13 Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Slide 9.15 Figure 9.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.14 V. Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs A. Parts of the small intestine B. Parts of the stomach C. Kidneys D. Heart E. Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.39 F. Endocrine Function of the Placenta 1. Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy 2. Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby 3. Produces hCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.40 VI. Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System A. Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age 1. Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries 2. Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common 3.Growth hormone production declines with age 4. Many endocrine glands decrease output with age Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.41 POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter 10/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback_ _quiz_1_.html ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP ENDOCRINE CONCEPT MAP ENDOCRINE SYSTEM KEY TODAY’S EQ Feb 3/4 • How do hormonal deficiencies affect our body? • Provide your response below: 9 The Endocrine System PART B PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland • Found at the base of the throat • Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus • Produces two hormones • Thyroid hormone • Calcitonin Thyroid Gland Figure 9.6 Thyroid Hormone • Major metabolic hormone • Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones • Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles • Triiodothyronine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target tissues TEST PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWER TRUE/FALSE On Whiteboards/Paper 1.The sclera is also called the sensory tunic. ___ 3) ______ 2. The cornea lacks nerve endings and does not respond to pain. ______ 3. The pupil is an opening in the iris through which light passes. ______ 4. Gross eye movements are produced by the six extrinsic eye muscles. ______ 5. In close vision and bright light, the pupil will dilate. ______ 6. Cones allow us to see in gray tones or dim light. ______ The pinna is what most people call the "ear." Multiple Choice • Hormones are typically regulated by: • A) Positive Feedback • B) Negative Distinctions • C) Positive Inhibition • D) Negative Feedback Multiple Choice • An enlargement of the thyroid is called: • A) Acromegaly • B) Goiter • C) Cutaneous Rash • D) Scleroderma Multiple Choice • Sound waves enter the auditory canal hit the eardrum or otherwise known as: • A) Ossicles • B) Pinna • C) Tympanic Membrane • D) Auricle Calcitonin • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone • Produced by C (parafollicular) cells Figure 9.9 Parathyroid Glands • Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid • Secrete parathyroid hormone • Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone • Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium • Raise calcium levels in the blood Adrenal Glands • Two glands • Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers • Medulla – inner neural tissue region • Sits on top of the kidneys Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) • Produced in outer adrenal cortex • Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance • Target organ is the kidney • Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone • Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.10 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) • Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex • Promote normal cell metabolism • Help resist long-term stressors • Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Sex hormones • Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex • Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female) Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla • Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines) • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress Multiple Choice • Which of the following is not true about lysozymes? • A) Found in tears • B) They are enzymes • C) It destroys bacteria • D) Stimulates rods & cones Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.12 Pancreatic Islets • The pancreas is a mixed gland • The islets of the pancreas produce hormones • Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells • Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells • These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis Multiple Choice • Hyposecretion of thymosin can cause? • A) Reduced Immunity • B) Superhuman Strength • C) Runny Nose • D) Excessive Talking Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.13 Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar Figure 9.14 Pineal Gland • Found on the third ventricle of the brain • Secretes melatonin • Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles • May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions Thymus • Located posterior to the sternum • Largest in infants and children • Produces thymosin • Matures some types of white blood cells • Important in developing the immune system Multiple Choice • Substance providing eyeball its shape is called: • A) Canal of Schlemm • B) Aqueous Humor • C) Vitreous Humor • D) Choroid Coat Hormones of the Ovaries • Estrogens • Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta • Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics • Matures female reproductive organs • Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg • Helps maintain pregnancy • Prepares the breasts to produce milk Hormones of the Ovaries • Progesterone • Produced by the corpus luteum • Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle • Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus Hormones of the Testes • Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing • Produce several androgens • Testosterone is the most important androgen • Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics • Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system • Required for sperm cell production Multiple Choice • Hormones are typically regulated by: • A) Positive Feedback • B) Negative Distinctions • C) Positive Inhibition • D) Negative Feedback