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8
The Endocrine
System
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs
Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and
Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Functions and Control of the Endocrine
System
A collection of organs that directly or indirectly
influence all the functions of the body
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Anatomy of the Endocrine System
Two different types of glands
– endocrine glands
• secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
• include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland,
adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and
ovaries
– exocrine glands
• secrete through a duct to the body’s surface or to other
organs
• sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal
glands, pancreas glands
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Hormones
• steroid hormones–lipid-based – hormones
secreted by the adrenal cortex and reproductive
glands
• amino acid hormones–protein-based – most
hormones
• hormone receptors
– Upregulated (increased) – exercise upregulates insulin
receptors – less insulin is needed to promote glucose
uptake
– Downregulated (decreased) – obesity downregulates
insulin receptors – more insulin is needed to promote
glucose uptake - diabetes
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Hormone Secretion Control
• Neural Control
• Hormonal Control
• Humoral Control
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Hormone Secretion Control
• neural control
– nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to secrete
or inhibit a hormone
– the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine
and norepinephrine which prime the body for fight or
flight response – increased heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration, and blood flow to muscles; decreased blood
flow to organs and dilation of the pupils
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Hormone Secretion Control
• hormonal control
– hierarchy chain of command
– endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from
other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus
1. hypothalamus (president) directs activities of the pituitary
glands by secreting hypothalamic releasing hormones and
hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones
2. pituitary gland (vice president) releases many hormones to the
adrenal cortex, thyroid, reproductive organs, pancreas, and
adrenal medulla (managers)
3. the managers release hormones – when the manager
hormones rise in the bloodstream, signals are sent back to the
hypothalamus and pituitary glad to stop releasing hormones –
negative feedback loop
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Hormone Secretion Control
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Hormone Secretion Control
• humoral control
– levels of various substances in body fluids are
monitored
– if a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective action
is taken until homeostasis is re-established
– when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases
insulin which stimulates the absorption of glucose
– when blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes
the hormone glucagon which causes the breakdown of
stored glycogen in the liver and thereby increases the
glucose level in the blood
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Hormones and Homeostasis
• negative feedback
– mechanism that
reverses a condition that
has exceeded the
normal homeostatic
range to restore
homeostasis
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The Hypothalamus
• helps regulates body temperature
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
2. Endocrine glands have ducts.
3. Steroid hormones are proteins.
4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated.
5. Glucagon is under humoral control.
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•STOP
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs
Major Endocrine Organs
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The Hypothalamus
• helps regulate
–
–
–
–
–
metabolism
heart rate
energy level
body temperature
thirst
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• prolactin (PRO)
– growth of mammary glands
– milk production in a nursing mother
• growth hormone (GH)
– growth of bone and muscles
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
– release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– in females
• estrogen production
• egg production
– in males
• sperm production
• luteinizing hormone (LH)
– in females
• ovulation
– in males
• testosterone
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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
• antidiuretic hormone
– acts on kidney, decreases
urine output
• oxytocin
– acts on uterus, causes
contractions
– acts on breast, causes
secretion of milk
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Major Endocrine Glands
• thyroid gland
– thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
• controls rate of metabolism
– calcitonin
• removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
• parathyroid gland
– parathyroid hormone
• removes calcium from bones, puts into blood
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Major Endocrine Glands
• thymus gland
– thymosin
• development of immune system
• pineal gland
– melatonin
• produces sleepiness
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
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Adrenal Glands
• adrenal medulla
– epinephrine and norepinephrine
• adrenaline rush
• adrenal cortex
– mineralocorticoids
• aldosterone
• sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
– glucocorticoids
• cortisone and cortisol
• promote gluconeogenesis
– sex hormones
• estrogen and androgens
• maintains sexual characteristics
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Adrenal Glands
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Pancreas
• islets of Langerhans
– alpha cells
• glucagon
• increase blood glucose level
– beta cells
• insulin
• decrease blood glucose level
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Gonads
• testes
– testosterone
• sperm production
• ovaries
– estrogen
• secondary sexual characteristics
• progesterone
• menstrual cycle
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or
adrenal cortex.
1. The thymus gland produces _______________.
2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin
and _______________.
3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the
_______________.
4. T4 is also called _______________.
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders
and Diseases
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
•
•
•
•
•
•
pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus
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Pituitary Disorders
• hyperfunction
– acromegaly, or gigantism
• hypofunction
– dwarfism
– diabetes insipidus
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Thyroid Disorders
• hyperthyroidism
– goiter
– Graves disease
• hypothyroidism
– myxedema
– neonatal hypothyroidism
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Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
• disorders of the parathyroid gland
– hypercalcemia
– hypocalcemia
• adrenal medulla disorders
– pheochromcytoma
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Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
• Cushing syndrome
– hypersecretion of cortisol
• Addison’s disease
– hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• symptoms of diabetes mellitus
– polyuria
• excessive urination
– polydipsia
• excessive thirst
– polyphagia
• increased hunger
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• type I diabetes mellitus
– juvenile-onset
• type II diabetes mellitus
– adult-onset
– insulin resistance
– hyperglycemia
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism,
Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria.
1. a result of pituitary hypofunction
2. excessive urination
3. hypersecretion of cortisol
4. a result of hyperthyroidism
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