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1 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 2 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Module 5 – Cells, the Body and Reproduction Module Focus: Biology • USE ONE WHOLE PAGE – Copy and leave 5 lines of empty space, then write one sentence for each questions for as much as you know. The Questions: 1. What are we made up of? 2. How does each part of us work? 3. How do we have babies? 3 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Cells and the Body Wednesday, 24 May 2017 Behaviour Focus: EXCEL! Be the best of focusing in doing your job! • Copy and leave space to write answers/ responses to the learning objectives The Big Question: How do cells work for our bodies? L.O.1: What is the body made up of? L.O.2: How do they do work for us? L.O.3: Why do they work like that? 4 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What are living things made of? Cells are the building blocks of life – they come in all shapes and sizes. Some organisms are unicellular – they are made up of only one cell. Other organisms are multicellular – they are made up of many types of cells. Can you think of some examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms? Cells work together to carry out the seven life processes that are needed for an organism to stay alive. 5 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What are the seven life processes? 6 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What is a cell? Animal and plant cells come in different shapes and sizes, but they all have three basic features. cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus animal cell plant cell Plant cells also have some extra features that make them different to animal cells. 7 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 A typical animal cell 8 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The parts of a typical animal cell 9 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The cell – a living factory! 10 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What does each part do? 11 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 A typical plant cell 12 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The parts of a typical plant cell 13 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Comparing animal and plant cells 14 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What shape is a cell? Cells are not flat; they are usually three-dimensional (3D). Most cells have three basic parts: the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. They may also contain other small structures called organelles, that perform specific jobs. But the 3D shape of the cell is determined by its location in the body and the job that it does. 15 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Do all cells look the same? Cells can be different shapes and sizes and also have different functions. This is because they are specialized. The shape of a cell is related to its function. Where do you see this idea in sport? Why are the players in a rugby team often different shapes and sizes? The players in a rugby team are different shapes and sizes because each player does a different job for the team. Like rugby players, cells are different shapes and sizes because they perform different jobs. 16 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Whose cell is it anyway? 17 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 From cell to organism All living things are made up of cells. The appearance of each living thing is the result of the types of cell that it is made up of and how these cells are organized. 18 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 How is the body like a school? To understand how the body is organized, think about all the different people that work in a school to make it function. teachers and teaching assistants caretakers and cleaners dinner ladies and bus drivers governors and office workers Everybody in the school needs to know where they should be and what they are doing for the school to function properly. Everybody does a different job – they have different skills and equipment to help them do their job. 19 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 How is the body organized? Living things are made up of organized systems too. Each specific cell is grouped with other cells similar in structure and function to form tissues and ultimately organs: Cells are the basic units of life. cell 20 of 43 Groups of cells work together to form tissues. tissue Groups of tissues work together to form organs. organ © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What is a system? 21 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Testing the capacity of our lungs • Aim: To find out ____________________ • Equipment: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 22 of 43 ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Testing the capacity of our lungs • Variables: 1. We are changing the ________________ 2. We are measuring the _______________ 3. We are keeping ______________ the same. • Methods: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 23 of 43 ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Results Name: Lung Capacity Boy / Girl Rank in height Do girls have bigger lung capacities or do boys have? How can you tell this? Do taller people have bigger lung capacity? How can you tell this? 24 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 25 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The function of a nerve cell is to transmit messages to and from the brain The function of a red blood cell is… A specialised cell is …………….…………………….... …………………………………………………………….... Which body system? Copy and Match 28 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The Breathing System Wednesday, 24 May 2017 Behaviour Focus: Forgive but not Forget, Return a Good Favour but not a Back-Chat • Copy and leave space to write answers/ responses to the learning objectives The Big Question: How do we know what to breath in? L.O.1: What organ parts are in the breathing system? L.O.2: How do they do work for us? L.O.3: Why do they work like that? 29 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 30 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Respiration 31 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 L.O.1 What organ parts are in the breathing system? • Please finish the first page of the work sheet and copy all names down under the L.O.1 in your book. 32 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 In your group: Rearrange the Steps of Breathing in (inhaling) 33 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 34 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The alveoli 35 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Gas exchange 36 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 L.O. 3 - Why do they work like that? • Now try the questions in the worksheet • And then try answer the L.O.3 in two parts: 1.Why do the ribcage expands (gets larger in space)? 2.Why do we fill the alveoli (the air sacs) with air? 37 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Comparing inhaled and exhaled air What are the differences between inhaled and exhaled air? Exhaled Air Inhaled Air Oxygen: 21% Oxygen: 16% Carbon dioxide: 0.04% Carbon dioxide: Water vapour: small amount Water vapour: large amount 4% What are the main differences? How could you test for the differences between inhaled and exhaled air? 38 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What is breathing? The breathing system is used by the body to get the oxygen needed for respiration. It is also used to get rid of one of the waste products of respiration: the gas, carbon dioxide. Breathing in and breathing out are separate processes in the body. Breathing in is called inhalation. When you inhale, you breathe air, including oxygen, into your lungs. Breathing out is called exhalation. When you exhale you breathe out the contents of your lungs and get rid of the waste gas carbon dioxide. 39 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Why be organized? Why do organisms have to be so organized? Organization of the body allows complex organisms to carry out many different jobs at the same time. movement body life processes respiration sensitivity nutrition excretion growth reproduction Being organized means that the body does not waste energy, so it is more efficient. 40 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 41 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Review – cells and organs Wednesday, 24 May 2017 Behaviour Focus: Let it cool! There is no point in making things worse. • Copy and leave space to write answers/ responses to the learning objectives The Big Question: How are things all organised? L.O.1: What is a taxonomy? L.O.2: How do we put body parts in a taxonomy? L.O.3: What else can we use taxonomy to help our science studies? 42 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Inhalation and exhalation 43 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 44 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 • Put the items into the taxonomy of the hierarchy of size of objects in the universe • • • • • the Solar System the Universe the Country United Kingdom the planet Earth the Milky Way Galaxy • Draw your own taxonomy of the hierarchy of organisms from “all living things” to “a cell in the cat” 45 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Skeletons Wednesday, 24 May 2017 Behaviour Focus: Suggest a reason, test to get evidence before you ask people to listen to what you say • Copy and leave space to write answers/ responses to the learning objectives The Big Question: Why do we need bones? L.O.1: What are bones? L.O.2: What can bones do for us? L.O.3: What if our bones are not working well? 46 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Bones and Movement Wednesday, 24 May 2017 Behaviour Focus: Carefully test what you Ambitiously Suggest • Copy and leave space to write answers/ responses to the learning objectives The Big Question: How bones help us move? L.O.1: What is body movement? L.O.2: How does that happen? L.O.3: Why different animals have different bones? 47 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 48 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 When does the body need new cells? Growth – your body loses cells because they are constantly dying, but your skin doesn’t disappear and you don’t get smaller. Repair – you cut your finger, it heals, and weeks later you cannot even see where the cut used to be. Reproduction – your body can make sex cells. In humans, these cells are the sperm or egg cells. These cells contain genetic information. 49 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Where do new cells come from? How does the body produce new cells? The body is constantly producing new cells from old cells. This process is called cell division. Cell division occurs extremely quickly and each new cell is also able to divide. 50 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What is cell division? New cells are produced by cell division, but this doesn’t mean that cells split in half. What would be the problem if cells did split in half to produce new cells? There wouldn’t be much of the cells left! What actually happens is that cells have to make new copies of the material inside them, as well as new membranes, before they divide. Just before a cell divides, it appears to grow slightly as it reproduces everything inside itself. The nucleus doubles in size and then divides into two equal halves. 51 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 The process of cell division 52 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 What does cell division really look like? 53 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Make a cell model You can make your own 3D cell using the following items: a plastic bag cellulose paste small objects to suspend in the cellulose paste (these will represent the internal structures of the cell). Can you make a model of a typical plant or animal cell? 54 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Collecting plant cell samples 55 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Collecting human cell samples 56 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Using a microscope 57 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Looking at cells 58 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Who invented the microscope? 59 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Parts of a microscope 60 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 61 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Glossary 62 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Anagrams 63 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 How should you prepare cells? 64 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Cells – summary 65 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008 Multiple-choice quiz 66 of 43 © Boardworks Ltd 2008