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The Basis of Cellular
Inheritance
Chapter 9
Vocabulary Clarification
Human Karyotype
XX = Female
XY = Male
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES: carry the same genetic info, one copy is
from Mom and one copy is from Dad
Diploid vs. Haploid
Diploid cells (2n) have 2 sets of chromosomes
(somatic cells- almost all cells in the body)
Haploid cells (n) have one set of chromosomes
(gametes or sex cells)
The Cell Cycle
INTERPHASE
Plant Cell
Phases of Mitosis: PROPHASE
Plant Cell
Phases of Mitosis: METAPHASE
Plant Cell
Phases of Mitosis: ANAPHASE
Plant Cell
Phases of Mitosis: TELOPHASE
Plant Cell
Cell Plate
Regulating The Cell Cycle
• Cells complete the cell cycle at different
paces; some cells don’t divide
(ex: neurons, cardiac muscle)
• Special proteins direct the sequence of
events and serve as “checkpoints”
• When this “control system” malfunctions,
cells reproduce at the wrong time and
place leading to tumors
Tumors and Cancer
Benign Tumors (not cancer)
A mass of normal cells
Malignant Tumors
Masses of cancer cells
Cancer cells displace
normal tissue, enter blood
vessels, and can
metastasize, or spread
from their site of origin
Combating cancer requires
a deep understanding of
the cell cycle
Cancer Treatment
SURGERY
Remove tumor from tissue
RADIATION
Expose dividing tumor cells
to high-energy radiation
to disrupt division
CHEMOTHERAPY
Use antimitotic drugs to
prevent spindle formation
or function
SIDE EFFECTS
• Damage reproductive
cell development
(sterility)
• Damage intestinal
cells (nausea)
• Damage hair follicle
cells (hair loss)
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
• Offspring inherit all
their genetic
information from ONE
parent (genetic
clones)
• Genetic information
from two parents
combines to make
offspring (genetically
unique offspring)
• Mitosis
• Meiosis
Mitosis vs.
Meiosis
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
4 daughter cells
genetically unique from
each other and parent
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
4 daughter cells
genetically unique from
each other and parent
Diploid Daughter Cells
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
4 daughter cells
genetically unique from
each other and parent
Diploid Daughter Cells
Haploid Daughter Cells
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
4 daughter cells
genetically unique from
each other and parent
Diploid Daughter Cells
Haploid Daughter Cells
One Division
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Growth, repair, asexual
reproduction
Formation of gametes,
sexual reproduction
2 daughter cells
genetically identical to
parent
4 daughter cells
genetically unique from
each other and parent
Diploid Daughter Cells
Haploid Daughter Cells
One Division
Two Divisions