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Keywords: Gene, chromosomes, undifferentiated plasmid, base pairs, B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them Organisms have adapted to live in extreme environments, what are two examples of these? 1. 2. Draw, label and describe the function of the following cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell What uses are there for genetic engineering? Bacteria Cell Use diagrams to show the stages in genetic engineering STEM CELLS What is the human genome project? What are stem cells, how can they be used and where do we find them? What are the 4 bases in DNA and how do they pair up? Keywords: hydrogen bonds, Keywords: enculeated, daughter cell, parent cell, biological B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them CELL DIVISION There are 2 types of cell division. Draw the stages in each one and state where they occur in the body MITOSIS CLONING Use diagrams with explanations to show how cloning occurs. MEIOSIS What are enzymes? What is a catalyst? Where are enzymes found? What 3 things affect how an enzyme works? Keywords: genetically identical, body cells, haploid, diploid Sketch a graph to show how the 3 factors mentioned earlier affect how an enzyme works. 1. 2. 3. Keywords: Gene, chromosomes, undifferentiated plasmid, base pairs, B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them Protein Synthesis Describe what transcription and translation are use diagrams to aid you. Use the following key words Which base pairs match up in DNA? Protein Synthesis From the single strand of DNA, follow the steps to work out the sequence of amino acids… DON’T FORGET THAT mRNA HAS A ‘U’ INSTEAD OF ‘T’. 1. DNA= AATGGCTTGACTCTA mRNA = ____________________________ tRNA triplets: ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Order of amino acids: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ 2. DNA= TGGCTAGTAAAGCTT mRNA = ____________________________ tRNA triplets: ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Order of amino acids: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ How many base pairs make up an amino acid? How many amino acids are there? Keywords: hydrogen bonds, Keywords: Gene, chromosomes, undifferentiated plasmid, base pairs, B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them Draw, label and describe the function of the following cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell What uses are there for genetic engineering? Bacteria Cell Use diagrams to show the stages in genetic engineering STEM CELLS What is the human genome project? What are stem cells, how can they be used and where do we find them? What are the 4 bases in DNA and how do they pair up? Keywords: hydrogen bonds, Keywords: enculeated, daughter cell, parent cell, biological B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them CELL DIVISION There are 2 types of cell division. Draw the stages in each one and state where they occur in the body MITOSIS CLONING Use diagrams with explanations to show how cloning occurs. MEIOSIS What are enzymes? What is a catalyst? Where are enzymes found? What 3 things affect how an enzyme works? Keywords: genetically identical, body cells, haploid, diploid Sketch a graph to show how the 3 factors mentioned earlier affect how an enzyme works. 1. 2. 3. Keywords: Gene, chromosomes, undifferentiated plasmid, base pairs, B2 Topic 1 The Components of Life This topic looks at: • DNA in detail and how cells divide • Genetic Issues • Enzymes and conditions affecting them Protein Synthesis Describe what transcription and translation are use diagrams to aid you. Use the following key words Explain how temperature effects enzyme activity. Protein Synthesis From the single strand of DNA, follow the steps to work out the sequence of amino acids… DON’T FORGET THAT mRNA HAS A ‘U’ INSTEAD OF ‘T’. 1. DNA= AATGGCTTGACTCTA mRNA = ____________________________ 2. DNA= TGGCTAGTAAAGCTT mRNA = ____________________________ How many base pairs make up a codon? What is transamination? Keywords: hydrogen bonds, Keywords: alveoli, capillaries, oxygen, glucose, B2 Topic 2 Organisms and Energy How is anaerobic respiration different to aerobic respiration? This topic looks at: • Respiration – aerobic and anaerobic • Photosynthesis and limiting factors • Organisms and their environments What is the word equation for respiration why do we need to respire? What is diffusion? Draw a particle diagram to explain what you mean. What is EPOC Exercise Post Oxygen Consumption? EXERCISE Aerobic respiration The lungs are full of tiny air sacs called alveoli surrounded by capillaries. Describe how oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and carbon dioxide leaves. There is a diagram to help you. What happens to the heart rate and breathing rate during exercise? Why? It is possible to jog for five hours why is it not possible to sprint for 5 hours? Cardiac volume = stroke rate x heart rate What do the following mean? Cardiac volume = Stroke rate = Heart rate = Keywords: lactic acid, exercise, muscles, energy, cramp Keywords, glucose, starch, concentration gradient, sunlight, energy, chloroplasts B2 Topic 2 Organisms and Energy This topic looks at: • Respiration – aerobic and anaerobic • Photosynthesis and limiting factors • Organisms and their environments Label the different parts of a leaf and explain how each is adapted for photosynthesis What is the word equation for photosynthesis and why do plants do it? Which factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Osmosis What is osmosis and why dies it occur. Draw particle diagrams to explain your answers. If the stomata on a leaf is blocked why will the plant die? Keywords: chlorophyll, stomata, guard cell, waxy cuticle, gas diffusion, Which part of the plant is responsible for photosynthesis? Draw a cell of this below Keywords: high concentration, low concentration, concentration gradient, water movement B2 Topic 2 Organisms and Energy How does the environment affect organisms living in it? This topic looks at: • Respiration – aerobic and anaerobic • Photosynthesis and limiting factors • Organisms and their environments What carries a)Water and salts around the plant? What are the following objects used for? b) Glucose around the plant? What is active transport, how is it different to diffusion and osmosis? Osmosis What is osmosis and why dies it occur. Draw particle diagrams to explain your answers. Transpiration How is water moved around the plants? (Hint keywords; evaporation, diffusion, xylem). How are root hair cells adapted for absorption? Keywords: partially permeable membrane, water molecules, water vapour Keywords: oxygenated blood, deoxygenate blood, energy, walls, plasma, haemoglobin B2 Topic 3 Common systems This topic looks at: • Fossils and evolution • The heart, blood and circulation • Digestion What are the main components of blood and what do they do, add pictures to each component. What is a fossil? Why are there gaps in the fossil record? Growth in animals involved cell division what is the name for this? What are arteries, veins and capillaries. Describe and draw each below Stem cells are formed, what are these? How are they different from specialised cells? Label this diagram of the heart Keywords: muscle, growth, Describe the route of the blood around the heart. Keywords: gall bladder, oesophagus, kidney, liver, small intestine, large intestine B2 Topic 3 Common systems Label the digestive system and explain what each does. This topic looks at: • Fossils and evolution • The heart, blood and circulation • Digestion Why does food need to be broken down? What are the main food groups? Growth in animals involved cell division what is the name for this? Stem cells are formed, what are these? How are they different from specialised cells? For each food group label what it needs to be broken down into and the enzyme used to break it down. Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Keywords: enzymes, acidic Explain what peristalsis is draw a diagram to aid your explanation. Keywords: surface area, absorption, capillaries, nutrients, B2 Topic 3 Common systems Explain the journey of a ham and cheese sandwich through the body This topic looks at: • Fossils and evolution • The heart, blood and circulation • Digestion What is the role of bile in the digestive system. What are villi and why are they important in digestion? (how does their shape affect the rate of absorption?) What are probiotics and prebiotics? Coeliac disease This is an disease which damages the villi in the small intestine. What problems could this cause? Keywords: digest, bacteria