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Cells, Tissues, Organs and
Systems
Introductory Questions
What are the common structures that make up
all living things?
CELLS
What do you think are the basic materials
involved in the metabolism of all cells?
Food, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and
Water
What do you think happens when the cells
use up their food and oxygen before there is
time to replenish it?
They cells can not function – death.
Blood Cell
Plant cell
Cancer cell
What is Histology?
Histology is the study of special
forms of cells and their relationship
with tissue and organs in
What are tissues?
Tissues are groups of similar cells
joined to perform the same function.
What is Cytology?
The study of cells.
Cell alive animation tutorial
Use Am I in a Plant cell or Animal Cell worksheet
Characteristics of Living Things
What are the six characteristics of
Living Things
a. Living things are made up of cells
b. Living things reproduce, grow, and repair
themselves.
c. Living things require energy.
d. Living things respond to the environment.
e. Living things have a life span.
f. Living things produce wastes.
A. Living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of
life. Every living thing is
either a cell or contains cells.
What is the function of a cell?
A cell takes in fuel and builds material,
transforms energy, grows and reproduces.
The cells of all species are pretty much the
same in the way they are built and the way
they work.
B. Living things reproduce, grow and
repair themselves
When do organisms grow?
(Organism is any living thing)
Organisms grow when they eat more food than
their body needs for energy.
Their body then may change its form by
increasing in size, weight or shape.
Give an
example of
an organism.
C. Living things require energy.
Different organisms obtain their food from
different sources. Give
an example.
What is autotrophic?
Autotrophic organisms such as green plants make
their own food through photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?
This is a process where green plants use sun
energy to make sugar and starch from carbon
dioxide and water.
What is Heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic organisms obtain their energy from
eating food in their own environment.
D. Living things respond to the environment.
All organisms react to changes in their
environment. This response allows the
organism to use its muscles and nervous
system to help it adapt to change.
White blood cells at work
Living things have a life span.
Old age brings with it certain
conditions that vary with each
individual.
Low immune systems.
When this happens to
enough cells the body
starts to die.
Red blood cells (RBCs) are
the primary transporters of
oxygen in the blood.
White Blood Cells are
specialized for the defense
and daily maintenance of the
body.
Living things produce wastes.
The breakdown of
substances in the
body are eliminated
through the
excretory system.
Homework Questions
Page 17
Questions 1,2,3,4 and 5
1.
What are the important differences between living and non-living
things?
2.
Are volcanoes living things? Explain.
3.
Name at least one characteristic of living things that is shown in
each of the following examples:
a. A plant bends towards the light.
b. A tadpole develops into a frog.
c. Human lungs breathe out carbon dioxide.
d. A blue jay feeds on sunflower seeds.
e. A cat gives birth to kittens.
4.
Make a table listing the six characteristics of living things in one
column. In the second column, nest toe each characteristic, suggest
a non-living thing that shows the characteristic. Create using word
processing or spreadsheet computer program.
5.
How do scientists determine whether to consider something as an
organism?
Answers to Homework Questions
1.
Living things are composed of cells, require energy, respond
to environmental stimuli, reproduce, produce wastes and
have a life span.
2. No, volcanoes are not living things. Although they appear to
possess some of the characteristics of living things such as
growth and breathing out waste gases, they do not possess all
the characteristics. For example, volcanoes are not make of
cells.
3. A. Plant is responds to environmental stimuli , the light.
B. Living things produce offspring like themselves.
Eventually, the tadpole matures into a frog. Also, living
things have a life span. The tadpole represents one of the
life-stages for the frog.
c.
Living things produce wastes. Carbon dioxide is a waste
that is expelled from the body.
d. Living things require energy. The seed provides chemical
energy for the blue jay.
e.
Living things produce offspring like themselves.
Characteristics of Living Things
Non- Living Things
Living things require energy.
Light bulbs require electricity to
work.
Living things respond to the
environment.
The wind will move clothes on a
clothesline.
Living things reproduce, grow, and
repair themselves.
A volcano appears to grow.
Living things have a life span.
Rocks will erode and seem to
disappear.
Living things produce wastes.
Wastes are produced during the
extraction of gold from ore.
Living things are composed of
cells.
Only living things have cells.
5.
Scientists would need to consider
whether the matter that they find
displays all the characteristics of
living things, before they could
classify it as an organism.
Lab Safety
Rules:
No Running
No eating, smelling or drinking your lab
No horseplay or fooling around
Handle glassware and equipment with care
Be careful around fires and flames
If you make a mess clean it up
Lab Safety Poster
You task is to make a lab safety poster.
Re-read the list of rules and pick one you
would like to create into a poster
promoting safety in the lab.
Use the lab poster rubric to help you
construct your poster. Your poster
must be on ¼ sheet of Bristol board.
Lab Safety Poster Rubric
Multiple Intelligence projects
Purpose - Why are we doing the lab? What are we trying
to learn?
Hypothesis - What do you think is going to happen? Why
do you think this? State specifically what information you
are basing this on and where you learned/heard/saw this
information.
Materials - List everything you use including size and
amount.
Procedure - Write the step-by-step directions for doing
the lab.
Data - The numbers or values you find during the
lab.
Results - A sentence (or more) explaining what you
saw happen during the lab.
Conclusion - A statement about what your data and
results mean. A statement about your hypothesis
(are you right or wrong). Answers to the questions
in the "Analysis" section of the lab in the textbook.
Sources of Error - What things went wrong? What
may have happened that may have had an effect on
your lab (things you may not be able to control as
well as those you can). What impact did these
things have on the lab?
Poster Assignment
Prepare a poster that groups pictures into three
categories:
1. Things that are living
2. Things that were once living
3. Things that are not living and never have been living
For example: A steak is not currently living but it does
contain muscle cells, because the cow was once living.
Plastic comes from ethylene molecules that were never
living.
Anton van Leewenhock
Dutch
1600
Microscope
What is a Microscope?
A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim)
is an instrument for viewing objects that are too
small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye.
Ten parts to the microscope
2. What are the parts of a microscope?
Eye piece
Focus
Fine Focus
Objective Lenses
Sample on slide
Condenser
Stage
Diaphragm
Light source
Base
3. What is the function of each part of the microscope
Eye piece: the lens at the top that you look through.
They are
usually 10X or 15X power.
Focus:
large, round knob on the side of the microscope used for
focusing the specimen; it may move either the stage or the upper
part of the microscope.
Fine adjustment knob: small, round knob on the side of the
microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen after using
the coarse adjustment knob.
Objective lenses: (low, medium, high, oil immersion) the microscope
may have 2, 3 or more objectives attached to the nosepiece; they
vary in length (the shortest is the lowest power or magnification; the
longest is the highest power or magnification).
Stage: large, flat area under the objectives; it has a hole in it (see
aperture) that allows light through; the specimen/slide is placed on the
stage for viewing.
The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the
light onto the specimen.
Diaphragm: controls the amount of light going through the
condenser.
Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support
VIRTUAL
MICROSCOPE
LAB
Instructions: With the provided
worksheet connect to the given
website, answer the questions and
submit your answer to the
instructor.
Work sheet on microscopes
Go and practice your Microscope
knowledge
MICROSCOPE QUIZ
What is your field of view when using a
microscope?
The field of view is the circle of
light you see when you look through
the microscope.
5. How do the lenses in a microscope
work?
The lenses in the microscope help bend
the light source in a direction that we
are able to see the image on the slide in
the field of view.
The lens used in microscopes are convex
lenses.
6. How does light pass through the convex
lens?
Most lenses are made out of glass. Lenses will either
magnify/reduce images or concentrate/spread out light rays.
If the objective lens magnifies 4x and the ocular lens
Eyethe
piece
Objective
lens Magnification
magnifies 10x, then
viewer
sees a magnified
image of 40X.
Explain.
Low Power
10x
10x
100x
High Power
10x
43x
430x
Oil lens
10x
97x
970x
Explain the above table
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7
th/cells/sciber/micrpart.htm
What magnification gives you the best
image?
The best way to get a good
magnification of an object is to start
off with the low power. Refer to the
table in the previous slide.
The MOST common mistake a student
makes is starting on high power.
Microscope Crime Mystery
Write a mystery that involves a crime that can
be solved by using a microscope.
Set the scene for the mystery, profile the
suspects and provide clearly labeled evidence
in clear sealed bags (glad).
You can use things such as finger prints, carpet
or clothing samples, hair samples or soil
samples as evidence.
Work in groups of three-four.
Story must be 5 pages in length, double
spaced, typed with a cover page.
10-story, 10-evidence, 5-participation
The Cell as a Living System
•The cell is a system yet part of a larger system
•The parts of the cellular system are called
organelles
•Each organelle has a specific composition,
structure, and function that contributes to the
overall function of the cellular system
Structure of cells
Plant Cell
Tissues,
Organs and
Systems
Animal Cell
Cell Division
What are Procaryotic and Eucaryotic
cells?
Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus or organelles
enclosed within
membranes. Example:
Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus or organelles that
are surrounded by
membranes. Each
organelle does a specific
cell function. Example:
Plant and Animal cell
Specific Features of the Cell
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
On pages 20-21 & 26-27 construct a definition
for each organelle. You can refer to the
website: Structures of plant and animal cells
Plant and Animal Cell
What is it?
What is an organelle?
CELL Organelle Table
Plant and Animal cell diagram
Cell Diagram with
Quiz
What is missing in a Procaryotic
Cell?
Using the link below “cell alive” review the plant
and animal cell. Click on each organelle and read
its description. Once you have explored each cell
continue on and complete the quiz on cell biology
Cell alive animation tutorial
Using the below link fill in graphic organizer using
the titles plant cell and animal cell. Make sure
you email me your completed organizer.
Graphic organizer for plant and
animal cell
How do cells move?
Some cells have tails called flagellum.
Flagellum is a whip-like tail that helps some
cells move.
Sperm
Bacteria
Flagellum are often found on sperm and
during the early evolution of seed plants.
Cilia are tiny hairs surrounding
the cells. These short hairs
moving together allow the cell
to move around.
Computer Art Assignment
1. Using the program paint create your own plant
and animal cell. If you do not have access to a
computer draw free hand or create (using any
method) the best you can of each cell.
2. Use different shapes and color to aid in your
construction.
3. Make sure you label all the organelles.
4. Put your name and date on your work.
5. Make sure you do not forget to put the flagella
or cilia onto your cells.
6. 10 points each
Homework Assignment
Compare the parts of the cell to the
members of a sports team. Each
member has a particular role to play
just as all the organelles have a
particular role to play. Produce an
explanation that represents the
comparison: For example, nucleus
coach; chromosomes- rules of the
game; cell membrane- perimeters of
the playing field. ( 10 points)
Due next science class.
Comparing plants and animals
Some differences between plants and animals:
•Animals can’t make
their own food like
most plants can.
•Most animals can
move from place to
place due to their
nervous, muscular and
skeletal systems.
Most plants are
immobile due to the
cellulose in their cells
and their roots which
anchor them firmly in
the soil.
•Most plant cells have
cellulose, a strong,elastic
material, in their cell walls
while most animals do not.
•Animals have a limited
growth scheme. Once they
have attained a particular
size and shape, they change
very little after maturity. On
the other hand, maximum size
and shape of plants within a
given species is variable and
depends on the environment.
Misconceptions of plant and
animal cells
•Not all plants contain chloroplasts but these of course are
absent in the onion skin cells since this section of the onion
is part of the bulb which grows under the soil.
• All cells are not the same size and shape.
• Cells make tissues, organs, skeletons.
Cells in Their Environment
What is found in a cell membrane ?
The cell membrane is composed of two layers of
long molecules that are fluid and slide around one
another.
The cell membrane controls the entrance and
exit of molecule to and from the cell.
What is diffusion in the cell theory?
Diffusion is the spreading of the molecules of one
substance throughout the molecules of another.
Moving from an area of high concentration to a place
where their is a low concentration. The diffusing
material always tries to reach a balance though
equally distributing itself within a given space
For Example: If a bottle of perfume is left opened in
an enclosed room, eventually the molecules of the
perfume will become evenly distributed throughout the
space inside the bottle and the room. Once the doors
and windows are opened, the perfume molecules spread
out further, always trying to reach equal distribution
throughout the space in which they can move.
Air freshener
Activity
Diffusion
Key Question:
1.
How does the process of diffusion occur at the
cell membrane?
Osmosis
The transfer of water through a membrane from
dilute solutions to more concentrated solutions is
osmosis
Osmosis doesn't require energy.
The particles of water move higher to lower concentration. In this
case, the water moves through the root cells to give life to the
plant.
Interactive Osmosis animation. Follow
the instructions and complete
worksheet.
Osmosis animation #2
Mitosis is the reproduction of skin,
heart, stomach, cheek, hair etc. cells.
This is also a form of "Asexual"
reproduction, where one organism or
cell reproduces itself. Some
organisms that reproduce asexually
are hydra, bacteria, and single celled
organisms.
"A" greek meaning "without."
"Sex" Greek meaning "to cross."
Cell Growth and Reproduction
Pictures
Cell Division
Meiosis is the production of sperm and egg
cells. These cells are "Gamete" or "Sex"
cells. Each cell has to go through the division
process twice in order for the cell to end up
with half the number of chromosomes. The
cells pass on genetic information to the
offspring. This is a form of "Sexual"
reproduction, where one organism or cells
reproduces by crossing with another
organism or cell. Types of organisms that
reproduce sexually are; plants, animals, and
insects.
What is Cell Division?
The process by which two
cells are formed from one.
Complete worksheets with tutorial
websites
Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Complete cell models, Mitosis,
Meiosis, animal and plant cell puzzle
Worksheet
http://www.cellsalive.com/