Download Martin Luther and the Reformation

Prelude to the
Reformation
1517-1648+
Consequences
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Ushered in a new individualism
Stricter personal morality
There was a Catholic reformation as well
From a single church, Europe would become a
collection of churches (mostly state churches)
Who/what is the source of religious authority?
Tremendous impact on the world
The changes affected all aspects of life
Inaugurated a period of tremendous bloodshed
Albrecht
Durer ‘s
Last
Judgment,
1510
Prelude to the
Reformation
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The revival of religious piety took place
within the framework of the “holy mother
church”
Prelude to the
Reformation
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Christian/Northern Humanism
– Emphasis on education
– Return to the classical, Christian sources
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Desiderius Eramus (1466-1536)
– Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) Christianity
guiding philosophy not a system of dogmatic beliefs
 Internal rather than external
 “laid the egg that Luther hatched”
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Thomas Moore
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Modern Devotion
Thomas à Kempis – The Imitation of Christ
– Utopia
Fertile Ground for the
Reformation
Rise of secularism, individualism,
humanism
 The Renaissance challenges Church
hegemony (influence)
 Rulers challenge Church power
 Printing press spreads ideas
 Northern merchants resent paying church
taxes
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What is the path to
salvation?
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The Church
– The church was an essential intermediary.
– The sacraments and good works
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The Alternative
– People can be saved by their faith in God and
love for him
– Emphasis on inward and personal belief
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External vs. internal forms of religion
Luther Leads the
Reformation
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Martin Luther’s
protests over abuses
in the Catholic Church
led to the founding of
Protestant churches
Forgiveness of Sin
1. Repentance (vs. penance)
 2. Confession
 3. Restitution
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– Treasury of Merit
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4. God’s forgiveness
Causes of the Reformation
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Criticisms of the Church
– Too preoccupied with temporal concerns
– Corrupt religious leaders
– Extravagant popes
– Sale of indulgences
– Poorly educated priests
Luther Challenges the
Church
October 31, 1517 – Luther posts his 95
Theses
 Luther’s ideas circulate throughout
Germany
 The Reformation begins
 The Reformation rejects the pope’s
authority
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Church and State
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Doctrinal Issues
– Justification by faith
– Authority of Scripture
– “Priesthood of all believers”
State Churches
 New Religious Services
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“No longer were [good works] merit-earning; they were now
divinely established signs signifying the promise of salvation” (page
353)
The Response to Luther
Pope Leo X issues decree to
excommunicate Luther (1520)
 Diet of Worms
 Luther refuses to take back his statements
and is declared an outlaw
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Emperor’s Opposition
Charles V = Holy Roman Emperor
 Issues Edict of Worms (1521) declaring
Luther an outlaw– don’t help him
 Some German princes choose to protect
Luther
 Luther’s followers begin a separate
religious group – Lutherans
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Response to Luther
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Peasant’s Revolt
– Peasant’s demand an end to serfdom
– Princes crush revolt – 100,000 people die
– Luther’s reaction?
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Germany at War
– Catholics v. Lutherans
– Peace of Augsburg (1555)– princes choose
religion for their state
End Reading #1
England Becomes
Protestant
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Henry VIII
– Has a daughter
– Wants a son – Marries six times
– Wants a divorce
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Breaks with the Church
– Supremacy law – King is head of England’s
Church
Catherine of
Aragon
m. 1509 - 1533
Divorced
Anne Boleyn
m. 1533 - 1536
Executed
Jane Seymour
m. 1536 - 1537
Died
Anne of Cleves
m. 1540 Jan. - July
Divorced
Kathryn Howard
m. 1540 - 1542
Executed
Katherine Parr
m. 1543 - 1547
Widowed
England Becomes
Protestant
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Consequences of Henry’s Changes
– Has 3 Children –
– Mary, Elizabeth, Edward
– 1 Catholic 2 Protestant
– Religious turmoil follows his death
England Becomes
Protestant
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Elizabeth and the Church of England
– Forms the Anglican Church
– Combines Catholicism and Protestantism to
appeal to moderates
The Reformation
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Other Reformers
– John Calvin – (Geneva, Switzerland)
 Sinful by nature – cannot earn salvation
 God chooses who will be saved – predestination
 Ideal government is a theocracy – rule by religious
leaders
 Calvinism
 Followers in France = Huguenots
The Reformation
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Other Reformers
– Huldrych Zwingli (Switzerland)
 Combined Luther’s ideas with Humanism
 Called for a return to a personal faith
– Anabaptists
 Believed in separation of church and state
 Opposed war (pacifists)
 Believed only those who could choose could be
baptized
Catholic Reformation
(Counter Reformation)
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Effort to stop Protestant gains and reform
the Catholic Church
– Curtailed selling of Church offices and
religious goods
– Bishops required to live in their diocese rather
than Rome
– Priests were required to improve their images
by dressing neatly, being well educated,
strictly celibate and active in the parish
Catholic Reformation
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Attempts at Compromise
– Colloquy at Regensburg
– Compromises were rejected by conservatives
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Founding of the Jesuits
– Founded schools throughout Europe
– Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
– Stop the spread of Protestantism
Council of Trent (1545-1563
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
Scripture and tradition were of equal authority
Only the church could interpret Scripture
Confirmed celibacy
Confirmed purgatory
Good works and faith needed for salvation
Seven sacraments were considered necessary
Indulgences were a valid expression of faith but
their sale was prohibited
 Use Inquisition to seek out heresy
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Legacy of the Reformation
Catholic Church is unified
 Power of the Catholic Church lessens
 Protestant denominations grow
 Questioning of beliefs brings about
intellectual ferment
 Public education for boys and girls
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Was it a reformation or a
revolution?