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SEA WATER COMPOSITION
I. Salinity: The amount of solid material dissolved in water
A.
1. Seawater is composed of
________________________ These elements make up
_____ of the dissolved materials in the ocean.
B. Sources:
1. Add2. Remove-
Why is the ocean salty?
Clip on: why tell me why?
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31006-why-tell-me-whyexplaining-saltwater-video.htm
Notes:
Areas of Diverse Salinity
C. Variations:
1. Open ocean is between _____parts per
thousand
2. _______ water has been diluted with
fresh water (estuaries and bays)
3. Hyper saline water is typical of ____
bodies of water where evaporation is high
and circulation low.
(Great Salt Lake 28.0%, Dead Sea 33.0%)
Salty lakes hid deep in the
Mediterranean
Geoscientists have discovered ______ lakes of extremely salty brine
lying in pockets on the floor of the _______________ Sea, south
west of the island of Crete. Such Lakes could help explain why
the __________________ is saltier than typical ocean water. The
three brine lakes situated more than 3300 meters below the sea
surface were discovered in 1993 and 1994 by a team of European
scientists conducting the Mediterranean Ridge Fluid Flow
project. __________________ Researchers found the lakes using
echo ____________ which sends down pulses of sound to probe
the seafloor. The boundary between the dense brine fluids and
normal seawater above creates a flat lake surface that stands out
amid rougher surrounding seafloor. The density contrast
prevents the brine from mixing easily with the seawater.
Salty lakes hid deep in the
Mediterranean
The scientists focused attention on a horseshoe-shaped
lake, called ___________ which had an average depth
of 80 meters. The chloride content in the Urania brine
measured about _________ that of Mediterranean
seawater. The lakes formed when seawater dissolved
deposits of salt-rich rocks along the seafloor. These
lakes may explain the Mediterranean’s high salinity.
Evaporative Salts
Complete the Quicklab from pg. 412
Answer the Analyze and Conclude questions in your
notebook
Homework: pg 427
#1-5 and writing in science
Effects of Salinity
D. Effects of Salinity
1. Salinity __________ density
But is ______ a significant factor
in determining density at
depth (___________ is more
important)
2. Average ocean water has a salinity of
___________.
The Range is 33-37 ppt
3. _____________ increases
temperature
at which water boils
4. Temperature is _____________________ to density
Decrease in temp=__________ in density
Increase in temp=__________ in density
5. Buoyancy changes with
changes in salinity
(higher=____ buoyant,
lower=_____ buoyant)
due to density
Salinity and Humans
Lack of salt in a diet can produce ___________and
associated health issues
Salinity Notes
 Freshwater coming in from __________ and
precipitation make ________ salinity
 Salinity is higher in ________ regions because salt is
left behind when water ___________.
 _____________ of salt water is greater than fresh water.
Fresh water______________ on salt water
Temperature
•Temperature differences are caused
by ____________________ at
different latitudes
•As you get closer to the poles the
angle of radiation from the sun
_____________ and radiation is
spread over a larger
________________.
•Deep ocean water is the
__________ temperature as the polar
region surface waters
•There are rapid temperature changes
in the ___________________ of
depth
Density
 Dependent on ______________ and _______________
 Salinity increases, density _____________________
 Temperature increases, density __________________
 _____________ dense water remains at the surface
 In the open ocean, _______________ is more important
in determining density—Near shore the ___________ is
more important in density determination
_______________-Rapid change in decreased temperature
________________-rapid change in density
________________-rapid change in salinity
Water Molecule: Water is special
In water, each ___________ nucleus is bound
to the central ___________ atom by a pair of
electrons that are shared between them;
chemists call this shared electron pair a
____________________ chemical bond.
Making a water molecule
 Follow the instruction on the water molecule
worksheet
 Take notes from the water molecule chemistry
information sheet. Please return the information
sheet to me.
 Work on the Salinity worksheet and Ocean motion
information-you may write on the sheet and tape it
into your notebook or write the answers into your
notebook.
 If you have more time begin the Seawater packet.
Water Video clip
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/16875-the-watercycle-fresh-water-vs-salt-water-video.htm
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9926-thebiology-of-water-the-hydrologic-cycle-video.htm
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9927-thebiology-of-water-population-and-demand-video.htm
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9920-thebiology-of-water-tillamook-bay-video.htm
Water’s Special Abilities
II. Water’s Special Properties
A. Heat Transfer
1. __________: Transmission of heat from a region
of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature.
2. Heat is conducted away from a body ___faster
in water than in ________.
B. Water & Light
1. _____ Penetration: Only about ___ of sunlight
reaches 30 feet in clear water.
a. Photosynthesis occurs at depths up
to ______ feet in clear water.
b. ________: suspended particles affect
light penetration.
c. Color dissipates at different depths due
to the different _________. Color is lost
in the order of Red, Orange, Yellow,
Violet, Green, and Blue.
(florescent colors emit color when
stimulated any light of shorter wavelength)
d. Magnification-objects appear ____ ______
underwater and often closer due to refraction
e. _____-water is a good conductor of _____ due
to the density. Sound in seawater travels ___
faster, allowing sound to reach the ears at the
same time.
Agenda
Quiz
Salinity Lab and worksheets
Notes on ocean zones and organisms
Worksheet: Physical properties of Ocean zones
Homework:
Section 15.2 #1-5
Layers of the Ocean
III. Three Major Zones: _______ (Surface),
____________ Zone, _________ Zone
A. Shallow Mixed: Surface H2O has a ______
temp and usually extends to ____m.
B. Transition Zone: Temperature falls abruptly
creating a _________, accounts for 18% of all
the sea
C. Deep Zone: Temperature is a few degrees
above __________ and initiates deep ocean
____________.
Marine Organisms--15.2
IV. Types of Organisms:
A. _________: These organisms are drifters and
include phytoplankton and zooplankton.
1. __________: Consist mostly of
unicellular algae that are photosynthetic.
a. Also includes ________ (main
primary producers) and
Dinoflagellates (cause red tide and
bioluminescence)
2. ___________: Consist of herbivores
grazing on phytoplankton or carnivores
eating other zooplankton.
B. _________: Includes all animals that are
capable of moving independently.
1. Includes all fish, marine mammals &
reptiles, squid and shrimp are only inverts.
C. _________: Organisms that inhabit the
________ of the ocean.
1. Includes all organisms that live on the
bottom both in shallow and deep water.
Life Zone Areas
V. Three Factors that Affect Distribution of Life: Light
Penetration, Distance from Shore and Depth
A. _____ Penetration: Photic Zone is affected by
sediments, plankton, and decaying organic
particles. Divided into 2 individual sub-zones
1.________: Where photosynthesis occurs up
to a max depth of 300ft
2._________: There is not enough light for
photosynthesis, but marine animals use this area
to avoid predators.
B. Distance from Shore: Subdivided into 3 areas
1. __________-zone affected by tidal change
2. _________-part of the continental shelf,
accounts for 90% of the World’s
fisheries
3. _________- open ocean with fewer organism
C. H2O Depth: Divided into Three major areas
1. Pelagic2. Benthic3. Abyssal-
D. ___________________: Areas of extreme high
temperatures, volatile gases, dissolved nutrients,
large amounts of mineral precipitants.
Primary Production
VI. Primary Productivity: Production of organic
compounds from inorganic compounds via
photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
A. Polar Regions:
B. Temperate Regions:
C. Tropical Oceans ( a biological desert):
Feeding Relationships
__________ Levels: Energy transfer within the
food chain.
1. Transfer of energy between levels is very inefficient
2. Trophic levels are the _________ stages (algae,
zooplankton and herbivores, carnivores, larger carnivores
3. ____________ is a sequence of organisms through
which organisms are transferred.
4. _______________is a complex series of feeding
relationships with many organisms relying on multiple
sources of food.