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Quantum Mechanics - Confinement The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: The position and momentum of a particle cannot be precisely specified simultaneously. "Classical physics seemed the limiting case of visualization of a fundamentally unvisualizable microphysics...“ - Heisenberg Quantum Mechanics The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle x p = h/2 What does it mean? If you attempt to confine a particle into a smaller and smaller space (x gets smaller and smaller) the uncertainty in the momentum gets bigger and bigger: p = h/{2 x} The core is a high temperature soup of protons and electrons, as well as heavier elements Quantum Mechanics The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle p = h/{2 x} v = h/{2 mx} What does it mean? The smaller mass particle will have the highest uncertainty in the speed, and therefore the higher uncertainty in kinetic energy. The smallest mass particles in the core will be electrons, and as they are confined to a smaller and smaller core, they will move faster and faster, thereby producing the pressure that hold up the core. Quantum Mechanics The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle p = h/{2 x} v = h/{2 mx} Electron degeneracy pressure: the pressure exerted by electrons caused by the confinement in the small core of a star that has left the main sequence. Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons cannot exist in the same “state.” Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons cannot exist in the same “state.” As the non-burning core collapses, electrons are forced more and more in to the same “state.” Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons cannot exist in the same “state.” The Pauli Exclusion Principle will not allow the core to collapse beyond a certain volume. Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons cannot exist in the same “state.” The Pauli Exclusion Principle is the mechanism that stops the collapse of the core and is the mechanism for degeneracy pressure.