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Prentice Hall PowerPoint Slides (version 1.0) for Understanding Psychology (4th Ed.) by Morris and Maisto Prepared by Jeff Platt, North Iowa Area Community College © Prentice Hall, 1999 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders • Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order. • Individual: One’s own sense of personal well-being determines normality. • Mental-health professional: Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning determine normality. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Approaches to Psychological Disorders • biological model: Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis. • psychoanalytic model: Disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts. • cognitive-behavioral model: Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Approaches to Psychological Disorders • diathesis-stress model: People biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress. • systems approach: Biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce disorders. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Diagnostic & Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) • A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies over 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories. • The most widely used classification of psychological disorders. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV © Prentice Hall, 1999 Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV © Prentice Hall, 1999 Mood Disorders Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. • depression • mania • bipolar disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999 Depression • A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, • lack of interest in activities, • and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Mania • A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, • extreme physical activity, • excessive talkativeness, • distractedness, • and sometimes grandiosity. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Bipolar Disorder • A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Causes of Mood Disorders • Most psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination of • biological factors, • psychological factors, • and social factors. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Biological Factors • Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders. • The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies. • Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have been linked to mood disorders. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Psychological Factors • Cognitive distortions may lead to the development of mood disorders. • cognitive distortions: An illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Types of Illogical Thinking arbitrary inference selective abstraction overgeneralization magnification and minimization © Prentice Hall, 1999 Social Factors • Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may lead to mood disorders. • The link between depression and troubled relationships may explain why women are more likely to suffer from depression--women tend to be more relationship-oriented than men. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Gender, Race, & Suicide © Prentice Hall, 1999 Anxiety Disorders Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior. • phobias • panic disorder • generalized anxiety disorder • obsessive-compulsive disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999 Types of Phobias • specific: intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thing • social: excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people • agoraphobia: involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security © Prentice Hall, 1999 Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks. • panic attack: A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Generalized Anxiety Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • An anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions). © Prentice Hall, 1999 Causes of Anxiety Disorders • prepared responses: responses that evolution has made us biologically predisposed to acquire through learning • not feeling in control of one’s life • may be caused by an inherited predisposition • internal psychological conflict © Prentice Hall, 1999 Psychosomatic vs. Somatoform • psychosomatic: Disorders in which there is REAL physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety. • somatoform: Disorders in which there is an APPARENT physical illness for which there is no organic basis. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Somatoform Disorders • • • • somatization disorder conversion disorder hypochondriasis body dysmorphic disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999 Somatization Disorder • A somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Conversion Disorder • Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Hypochondriasis • A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Body Dysmorphic Disorder • A somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Dissociative Disorders Disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated from the rest. • dissociative amnesia • dissociative fugue • dissociative identity disorder • depersonalization disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999 Dissociative Amnesia • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause. • Dissociative amnesia may result from an intolerable experience. • Dissociative amnesia is rare. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Dissociative Fugue • A dissociative disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity, with amnesia for past identity and events. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Dissociative Identity Disorder • A dissociative disorder in which a person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times. • Formerly known as multiple personality disorder. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Depersonalization Disorder • A dissociative disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange way. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Sexual Disorders • sexual dysfunctions • paraphilias • gender-identity disorders © Prentice Hall, 1999 Sexual Dysfunctions A loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function. • erectile disorder: The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection. • female sexual arousal disorder: The inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Sexual Dysfunctions • sexual desire disorders: Disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex. • sexual arousal disorder: Inability to achieve or sustain arousal until the end of intercourse in a person who is capable of experiencing sexual desire. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Sexual Dysfunctions • orgasmic disorders: Inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal. • premature ejaculation: In ability of a man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired. • vaginismus: Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Paraphilias Sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal. • fetishism: A paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Paraphilias • voyeurism: Desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people. • exhibitionism: Compulsion to expose one’s genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Paraphilias • frotteurism: Compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in public situations. • transvestic fetishism: Wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Paraphilias • sexual sadism: Obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner. • sexual masochism: Inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain. • pedophilia: Desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Gender-Identity Disorders Disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex. • gender-identity disorder in children: Rejection of one’s biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing and behavior society considers appropriate to that gender. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Personality Disorders • Disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person and/or conflicts with others. © Prentice Hall, 1999 3 Clusters of Personality Disorders • Cluster A: odd or eccentric behavior – schizoid, paranoid • Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior – narcisstic, borderline, antisocial • Cluster C: anxious or fearful – dependent, avoidant © Prentice Hall, 1999 Schizoid Personality Disorder • A personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others. • The classic “loner.” © Prentice Hall, 1999 Paranoid Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others. • Paranoid personality disorder is NOT the same as paranoid schizophrenia. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Narcissitic Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Borderline Personality Disorder • Personality disorder characterized by marked instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) • Personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affection for others. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Possible Causes of ASPD • • • • biological predisposition adverse psychological experiences unhealthy social environment abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters © Prentice Hall, 1999 Dependent Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone. • Appear to have an underlying fear of being abandoned or rejected. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Avoidant Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person’s fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation. • Avoidant personality disorder differs from schizoid personality disorder in that avoidant individuals want to have close relationships with other people. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Schizophrenic Disorders • Severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. • delusions: false beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact. • hallucinations: Sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • disorganized schizophrenia: Bizarre and childlike behaviors are common. • catatonic schizophrenia: Disturbed motor activity is prominent. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • paranoid schizophrenia: Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions. • The presence of delusions differentiates this disorder from paranoid personality disorder. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • undifferentiated schizophrenia: There are clear schizophrenic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for another subtype of the disorder. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia • • • • genetics excessive amounts of dopamine enlarged ventricles in the brain abnormal pattern of connections between cortical cells • family relationships © Prentice Hall, 1999 Childhood Disorders • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Autistic disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder • A childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. • More common in boys than girls. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Autistic Disorder • A childhood disorder characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior. • echolalia: A speech pattern displayed by some autistic children in which they repeat the words said to them. © Prentice Hall, 1999 Gender Differences • Gender differences tend to be found for those disorders without a strong biological component. • marital status and incidence of psychological disorders: divorced/separated men > married women > married men © Prentice Hall, 1999 Higher Incidence of Specific Disorders Men Women • depression • substance abuse • agoraphobia • antisocial personality disorder • simple phobia • obsessivecompulsive disorder • somatization disorder © Prentice Hall, 1999