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INTRODUCTION to Psychological Disorders “Developmental structure of genetic influences on antisocial behavior across childhood and adolescence.” “Surgery for Mental Ills Offers Both Hope and Risk” “Parents Go On 'Track Watch' After Calif. Teen Suicides” “A rise in mental-health help on campus: Colleges respond as more students seek help for problems small or serious.” “MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)” “Ruminative Self-Focus and Negative Affect: An Experience Sampling Study” Defining abnormality How would you define a “psychological disorder?” Please get in pairs and follow the handout instructions Defining disorder Key elements of symptoms (according to DSM): • disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions • associated with significant personal distress or impairment • stem from an internal dysfunction -biological, psychological, or both Criticisms? Understanding Pathology Description Study of Psychological Disorders Causation Treatment/Outcome Describing Disorders DSM-IV Diagnostic system for classifying psychological disorders Various classes of disorders: anxiety, mood, dissociative, etc. Potential problem of Diagnosis Diagnoses can become labels Consequences of labeling Impact on others? (e.g., Rosenhan study) Impact on self? (“I’m ADHD”) Stigma 70% of people with diagnosable mental disorders do not seek treatment… stigmarelated? – Historically – Medical model – Biopsychosocial model Bio-psycho-social Perspective Biological (heredity; brain structures; neurochemistry) Socio-cultural (socialization, stressful life circumstances, social inequities) Psychological (maladaptive learning & coping, cognitive biases, Interpersonal probs) Treatment / Outcome Treatments should stem from: • an attempt to understand multiple causes • research that has provided evidence of significant effectiveness for specific problems (i.e., Evidence-based Treatment, EBT) Case study: Depression Description Study of Psychological Disorders Causation Treatment/Outcome Describing Depression Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Loss of appetite and/or weight loss, or conversely overeating and weight gain Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Restlessness or irritability Feelings of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt, helplessness, hopelessness Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions Thoughts of death or suicide or attempts at suicide Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed, including sex Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling sluggish Mood Disorders – Causal Factors Biological Heritability estimates (40%) (e.g., twin studies: MZ vs DZ twins -- 3 X risk) Drugs that affect NTs (e.g., dopamine and serotonin) can relieve depression. Is this a NTdeficit, then? Brain findings (limbic-cortical dysfunction) Psychological factors (e.g., Cognitive-behavioral explanation) 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood Cognitive styles (e.g., attributions, rumination Socio-cultural factors Poverty Discrimination Expectations of what it means to be happy Level of violence in society (exposure to trauma) Environmental factors (e.g., sunlight)