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Endocrine and Nervous Systems Dr Atef Masad PhD Biomedicine 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 1 • The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to control the metabolic activity of the body. • Endocrine glands are DUCTLESS. This means that the hormones produced are put into the bloodstream to be taken to other parts of the body. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 2 • The hormones of the endocrine system produce specific effects on body functions very slowly. This is due to the slow release of the chemicals (hormones). • By contrast, the nervous system brings about very fast changes. This is because the nervous system does not use chemical messengers, it uses electricity. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 3 Combining Forms for Endocrine Aden/o gland adenoma Adrenal/o Adren/o adrenal gland adrenalectomy adrenal 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 4 Calc/o calcium Gluc/o Glyc/o sugar, glucose calcemia glucogenesis hyperglycemia 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 5 Pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis Thym/o thymus thymoma 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 6 Thyroid/o thyroid gland thyroidectomy 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 7 • Although all the major hormones circulate within the bloodstream, each on has a specific TARGET organ. • Dysfunction of a gland may result in hyposecretion or hypersecretion of the hormone. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 8 Characteristics of Hormones • Are chemical substances produced by specialized cells. • Are slowly released in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream. • Are produced by endocrine glands • Are inactivated or excreted by the kidney or liver. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 9 Specific Glands • PITUITARY • Located in the brain. • Two parts to this gland: anterior anter/o posterior poster/o • The anterior and posterior parts are called LOBES. • Also known as the HYPOPHYSIS. anterior lobe: adenohypophysis posterior lobe: neurohypophysis 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 10 Hormones of the pituitary gland: Adenohypophysis: Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Leutinizing Hormone (LH) 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 11 Neurohypophysis: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 12 • Overproduction of GH produces a condition called GIANTISM. • Underproduction of GH produces a condition called DWARFISM • Recall, that the combining form for extremities is ACR/O; therefore, the word denoting enlargement of the extremities is ACROMEGALY. This condition is a result of the hypersecretion of GH after puberty. This disorder is characterized by enlarged bones of the hands, feet, and head. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 13 • What is ACRODERMATITIS? inflammation of the skin of the extremities • What is ACROHYPERHIDROSIS? excessive perspiration of the extremities 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 14 • THYROID GLAND Located on the front and sides of the trachea just below the larynx. It has two lobes that are separated by a thin strip of tissue called the ISTHMUS. The combining forms for the thyroid gland are thyr/o thyroid/o 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 15 Hyperthyroidism excessive condition Thyroid gland Therefore, hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive secretion of the thyroid gland. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 16 Thyrotoxicosis condition Thyroid gland poison Therefore, thyrotoxicosis is a condition of the thyroid gland that is poisonous. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad This condition is also known as HYPERTHYROIDISM 17 Hormones of the Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine: 1. regulates metabolism 2. increases energy production from food. 3. increases rate of protein synthesis Calcitonin: decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 18 PARATHYROID GLANDS - Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. - Named because they are found “around” the thyroid gland. - There are 4 parathyroid glands that produce PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) or PARATHORMONE. - This hormone increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from bone to blood. - This works opposite of the CALCITONIN from the thyroid gland. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 19 ADRENAL GLANDS -also known as the SUPRARENAL GLANDS as they are found on top of the kidneys. -Hormones produced are: 1. Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and force of contraction, dilates bronchial tree, increases the conversion of glycogen from the liver to glucose, and increases the use of fat for energy. 2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): raises blood pressure and constricts blood vessels. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 20 3. Aldosterone: regulates the amount of salt in the body. 4. Cortisol: Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat. 5. Androgens: maintain secondary sex characteristics These three hormones are produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. The previous two are produced by the ADRENAL MEDULLA. • medull/o = inner part/medulla 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 21 PANCREAS (ISLETS of LANGERHANS) - located posterior to the stomach. - hormone producing cells are called ISLETS. - Produce INSULIN (decreases blood sugar levels) and GLUCAGON (increases blood sugar levels). 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 22 The Nervous System • Two parts: 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves that arise from the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves) 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 23 • NEURONS are the basic unit of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that: 1. respond to stimuli 2. detect stimuli 3. conduct electrochemical impulses 4. release chemical regulator. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 24 • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. GLIAL CELLS Do not carry impulses Support and protect neurons Line certain brain and spinal cord structures Are phagocytic Attach neurons to their blood supply Of importance because they are common sites of tumors. 5/24/2017 Dr Ate Masad 25 Combining Forms Cerebr/o cerebrum Encephal/o brain Gli/o glue or gluelike glial cell tissue mening/o Meningi/o meninges Myel/o spinal cord or bone marrow Neur/o nerve Dr Ate Masad 5/24/2017 26