Download Endocrine and Nervous Systems

Endocrine and Nervous
Systems
Dr Atef Masad
PhD Biomedicine
5/24/2017
Dr Ate Masad
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• The endocrine system and the nervous
system work together to control the
metabolic activity of the body.
• Endocrine glands are DUCTLESS. This
means that the hormones produced are
put into the bloodstream to be taken to
other parts of the body.
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• The hormones of the endocrine system
produce specific effects on body functions
very slowly. This is due to the slow
release of the chemicals (hormones).
• By contrast, the nervous system brings
about very fast changes. This is because
the nervous system does not use
chemical messengers, it uses electricity.
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Combining Forms for Endocrine
Aden/o
gland
adenoma
Adrenal/o
Adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenalectomy
adrenal
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Calc/o
calcium
Gluc/o
Glyc/o
sugar, glucose
calcemia
glucogenesis
hyperglycemia
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Pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatitis
Thym/o
thymus
thymoma
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Thyroid/o
thyroid gland
thyroidectomy
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• Although all the major hormones circulate
within the bloodstream, each on has a
specific TARGET organ.
• Dysfunction of a gland may result in
hyposecretion or hypersecretion of the
hormone.
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Characteristics of Hormones
• Are chemical substances produced by
specialized cells.
• Are slowly released in minute amounts
directly into the bloodstream.
• Are produced by endocrine glands
• Are inactivated or excreted by the kidney
or liver.
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Specific Glands
• PITUITARY
• Located in the brain.
• Two parts to this gland:
anterior
anter/o
posterior
poster/o
• The anterior and posterior parts are called
LOBES.
• Also known as the HYPOPHYSIS.
anterior lobe: adenohypophysis
posterior lobe: neurohypophysis
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Hormones of the pituitary gland:
Adenohypophysis:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
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Neurohypophysis:
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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• Overproduction of GH produces a condition
called GIANTISM.
• Underproduction of GH produces a condition
called DWARFISM
• Recall, that the combining form for extremities is
ACR/O; therefore, the word denoting
enlargement of the extremities is
ACROMEGALY. This condition is a result of the
hypersecretion of GH after puberty. This
disorder is characterized by enlarged bones of
the hands, feet, and head.
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• What is ACRODERMATITIS?
inflammation of the skin of the extremities
• What is ACROHYPERHIDROSIS?
excessive perspiration of the extremities
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• THYROID GLAND
Located on the front and sides of the trachea just
below the larynx.
It has two lobes that are separated by a thin strip
of tissue called the ISTHMUS.
The combining forms for the thyroid gland are
thyr/o
thyroid/o
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Hyperthyroidism
excessive
condition
Thyroid gland
Therefore, hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive secretion of
the thyroid gland.
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Thyrotoxicosis
condition
Thyroid
gland
poison
Therefore, thyrotoxicosis is a condition of
the thyroid gland that is poisonous.
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This condition is also
known as
HYPERTHYROIDISM
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Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine:
1. regulates metabolism
2. increases energy production from food.
3. increases rate of protein synthesis
Calcitonin:
decreases the reabsorption of calcium and
phosphate from bones to blood.
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PARATHYROID GLANDS
- Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland.
- Named because they are found “around” the
thyroid gland.
- There are 4 parathyroid glands that produce
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) or
PARATHORMONE.
- This hormone increases the reabsorption of
calcium and phosphorus from bone to blood.
- This works opposite of the CALCITONIN from the
thyroid gland.
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ADRENAL GLANDS
-also known as the SUPRARENAL GLANDS as they
are found on top of the kidneys.
-Hormones produced are:
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate
and force of contraction, dilates bronchial tree,
increases the conversion of glycogen from the
liver to glucose, and increases the use of fat for
energy.
2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): raises blood
pressure and constricts blood vessels.
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3. Aldosterone: regulates the amount of salt in the
body.
4. Cortisol: Regulates the metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fat.
5. Androgens: maintain secondary sex
characteristics
These three hormones are produced by the
ADRENAL CORTEX. The previous two are
produced by the ADRENAL MEDULLA.
• medull/o = inner part/medulla
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PANCREAS (ISLETS of LANGERHANS)
- located posterior to the stomach.
- hormone producing cells are called ISLETS.
- Produce INSULIN (decreases blood sugar levels)
and GLUCAGON (increases blood sugar levels).
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The Nervous System
• Two parts:
1. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal
Cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves that
arise from the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal
cord (spinal nerves)
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• NEURONS are the basic unit of the nervous
system. They are specialized cells that:
1. respond to stimuli
2. detect stimuli
3. conduct electrochemical impulses
4. release chemical regulator.
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•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GLIAL CELLS
Do not carry impulses
Support and protect neurons
Line certain brain and spinal cord structures
Are phagocytic
Attach neurons to their blood supply
Of importance because they are common sites of
tumors.
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Combining Forms
Cerebr/o
cerebrum
Encephal/o
brain
Gli/o
glue or gluelike
glial cell tissue
mening/o
Meningi/o
meninges
Myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
Neur/o
nerve
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