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The Endocrine System Case Study Investigation! You are in a clinic examining a 12- yr old female patient. Her parents are concerned about her excessive facial hair and deepening of her voice. Further conversation with the parent brings out the fact that this girl started developing pubic hair at an age of 7 years. Examination of the patient confirmed the parents’ observations, plus showed that the girl was well above average in height for her age. She also has unusually large amounts of acne on her face and the back of her neck. A vaginal tract exam indicated swelling of her external genitals. The girl started losing weight rapidly last year and leg and thigh muscles became well developed. This was attributed to the girl starting intensive gymnastics practices for upcoming competitions. Everything else about the girl appears normal. Endocrine System system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions hormones regulate many functions of an organism including mood, growth, development, & metabolism. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_vQZDH9hY (awesome!) Glands of the Endocrine System 10 ductless glands (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream) cells will only react if they have appropriate receptors to detect stimuli 1- HYPOTHALAMUS: LOCATION: in the brain HORMONES: hypothalamic-releasing hormones FUNCTIONS: Controls the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland; also control appetite, body temperature, and sleep hypothalamus overview DISEASES: Tumors on this gland can cause growth, reproductive and weight problems, frequent infections, etc. normal dopamine levels vs. dopamine levels from cocaine http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30913-how-the-brain-works-the-hypothalamus-video.htm 2 - PINEAL GLAND: LOCATION: behind hypothalamus of brain Hypothalamus HORMONES: produces serotonin which can convert into melatonin FUNCTION: a) Melatonin regulate circadian rhythms (night/day) b) Serotonin regulates appetite, emotions, moods, sleep (boosts confidence & self-esteem) sunlight = serotonin inc. / dec. melatonin dusk = melatonin inc. / dec. serotonin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnUK3Z3Lyfo DISEASES: a) seasonal affective disorder (SAD) antidepressants block reabsorption of serotonin so it stays in your system longer http://www.healthscout.com/animation/68/10/main.html FACTS: a) referred to as “third eye” (detects light) 3 - PITUITARY GLAND: LOCATION: beneath the hypothalamus HORMONES: Anterior Pituitary: growth hormone, prolactin, Posterior Pituitary: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vasopressin (antidiuretic-ADH) & oxytocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000099.htm FUNCTION: a) growth hormone regulates skeletal & muscular system growth b) prolactin stimulates milk production in females c) FSH regulates egg & estrogen formation in ovaries & sperm production in testes d) vasopressin conserves water e) oxytocin – stimulates uterine contraction & assists with milk release DISEASES: a) Acromegaly – excess growth hormone (hands & feet first) http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/humanmutants-mutation-giant.html FACTS: a) shortest mature human: Indian Gul Muhammed 57cm b) tallest human: American Robert Wadlow 6ft at 8yrs old; 7ft at 15; died at 8ft 11in (491 lbs) when he was 21 4&5 -THYROID & PARATHYROID GLAND: LOCATION: near the voice box http://parathyroid.com/hyp erparathyroidismvideos.htm HORMONES: Thyroid: thyroid hormone (TH) & calcitonin Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone (PTH) FUNCTIONS: a) Calcitonin adjusts calcium levels in blood and bone via osteoblast activity b) PTH increases calcium in the blood via osteoclast activity http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp 202003.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/thyroids urgery/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm DISEASES: a) Grave’s Disease (form of hyperthyroidism): immune system attacks Thyroid & causing over production of thyroxine MUSC Health b) Hyperparathyroidism: moans, groans, stones, and bones with psychic overtones FACTS: red wine contains a substance that fights thyroid cancer 6-ADRENAL GLANDS: http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=adrenal+glands+and+cortisol+function&FORM=HDRSC3#vie w=detail&mid=E19455499B6EAB7C6643E19455499B6EAB7C6643 LOCATION: above each kidney (medulla & cortex) HORMONES: A. Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone A. Medulla: adrenaline & norephinephrine FUNCTIONS: a) Cortisol metabolizes lipids & proteins to produce energy b) Aldosterone regulates K and Na (for normal muscle & nerve function) c) Adrenaline (epinephrine) & Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) increases glucose for fuel and directs blood to muscles DISEASES: a) Cushings Disease caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood; results in weight gain of trunk, thin and weak skin, fatigue, high B.P. b) Addisons Disease caused by low levels of cortisol in the blood; results in darkening of the skin from excess melanin, weight loss, fatigue, low B.P. a) b) 7- PANCREAS: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp50/5002s.swf LOCATION: behind the stomach HORMONES: Insulin & Glucagon FUNCTIONS: a) Insulin lowers glucose levels by getting body cells to absorb/uptake it b) Glucagon regulates blood sugar by increasing glucose in the blood DISEASES: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/blood-sugar/MM00641 http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid236059233?bctid=347806813 Diabetes Mellitus common disorder in which there is a decrease in insulin production (T1) or inability to detect insulin (T2); glucose levels can’t be regulated properly 8-THYMUS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYgyL0_-t0Q LOCATION: just above the heart HORMONES: Thymosin FUNCTION: Thymosin makes white blood cells called T cells which help the body fight disease DISEASE: DiGeorge Syndrome – rare disorder in which the thymus gland is flawed or absent; symptoms include a very weak immune system FACT: thymosin size decreases with age 9&10 – GONADS http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gonad+function+video&qpvt=gonad+function+video&FORM= VDRE&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=FB065A6672866FA4364CFB065A6672866FA4364C http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp52/5202001.html (on behavior ) LOCATION: male testes female ovaries HORMONES: testes Testosterone ovaries Estrogen & Progesteone FUNCTION: Testosterone produces 20 sex characteristics in males (deepening of voice/pubic hair / sperm maturation) & muscle development Estrogen provides 20 sex characteristics in females (breasts/pubic hair) & bone maintenance Progesterone produces the menstrual cycle & body changes during pregnancy DISEASES: Hypogonadism – when the gonads produce little or no hormones (females poor breast development, lack of menstruation; boys lack of muscle & beard growth and growth problems) Aging and the Endocrine System activity of this system varies with age- fetus: rapid growth period including growth hormone, insulin, thyroxine are important. Thymus starts small and grows big to puberty. sex hormones are formed at 13 weeks and reach their peak levels at puberty and taper after age 30 (males) and 40 Case Study Investigation! REMEMBER: Parents of a 12- yr old female patient are concerned about her excessive facial hair and deepening of her voice. The girl started developing pubic hair at an age of 7 years and is well above average height for her age. She also has unusually large amounts of acne on her face and the back of her neck, and her external genitals are very swollen. The girl started losing weight rapidly last year and leg and thigh muscles became well developed but could be from intensive gymnastics practices. Everything else Questions: 1. What endocrine disease is the girl suffering from? 2. Which hormone is this disease secreting in excess? 3. What might be causing this disease? 4. What treatment is available?