* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Endocrine System
Survey
Document related concepts
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Growth hormone therapy wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Graves' disease wikipedia , lookup
Hypothalamus wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Endocrine System Endocrine System—General Info • Works WITH the Nervous system • Main function is to produce hormones— chemical messenger influencing other tissues/organs. • Differs from NS with regard to speed – NS—body will make rapid adjustments to changes – ES—uses chemical messengers (hormones) to affect change. Hormones travel via bloodstream. Generally longer lasting. Endocrine vs Exocrine glands • Endocrine glands—secrete hormones directly into the blood – anterior pituitary – thyroid – adrenal • Exocrine glands—deliver hormones into the blood via tubes leading from the gland – sweat glands – salivary glands – mammary glands Major body processes regulated by ES • Reproduction • Growth and development • Maintaining homeostasis of electrolytes, water and nutrients • Regulation of cellular metabolism Target cells and controlling the ES • Hormones travels through the entire body via the blood, but only affect specific target tissues. • The body primarily uses negative feedback loops to determine when to turn on/shut off hormone production. • Other ways the body controls the ES is through the nervous system and biorhythms. ENDOCRINE REGULATION A fuzzy balancing act Receive, Reaction, Refine 6 Endocrine Regulation RECEIVE Sensory/Humoral input • response to substance in the blood (Iodine, glucose) Hormonal regulation • responds to upstream gland regulation (TSH, LH...) Neural regulation • response short term stress 11 7 Endocrine Regulation REACT • Hormones travel through the blood and bind to receptor proteins – Steroid hormones (cholesterol derived) • Are lipid soluble and cross the plasma membrane, bind to receptors inside the cell and affect DNA transcription. – Animation – Non-steroid hormones (protein based) • Bind to specific membrane receptors and trigger a signaling cascade inside the target cell which activates necessary enzymes. – Animation… Endocrine Regulation REACT Steroids • Lipid soluble - readily enter cells – stimulus leads to biosynthesis – transport in blood assisted by carrier proteins (serum albumin) 9 Endocrine Regulation REACT Non steroids • Water Soluble – can travel through blood freely, but have to interact with membrane receptors (can’t cross lipid bilayer). Once docked, will set cause changes within cell. – Protein is synthesized, packaged into vesicles via golgi bodies – vesicles migrate to and collect at release site – exocytosis to dump contents into bloodstream 10 11 REFINE: Negative Feedback loops • Works like a thermostat in your house to maintain a constant environment of 68oF. – Turns on the furnace to produce heat if the temperature is too cold and off when the desired temp is reached. – Turns on AC to cool the house if temp is too high and shuts it off when back to the desired temp. http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/endocrine_conditions/What-is-negative-feedback.html REFINE: Homeostasis • ensure the body returns to “normal” conditions after stimulus. www.mdmaterials.com 13 http://www.thetruthisbliss.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Calcium-Regulation.jpg 14 Glucose Regulation 10 16 Biology, Campbell. 1987. pg 896 Negative Feedback Loop--egs • Hypothalamus receives input and reacts to stimulate specific organs to achieve the desired effect. 17 Negative Feedback Loop--egs • Feedback system for the control of ovulation 16 18 Biology:An Exploration of Life, McFadden&Keeton. 1995. pg 546 Positive Feedback Loop 19 Endocrine Regulation Endocrine System REFINE Removal of hormones •The bulk of hormone is cleared by the liver and kidneys •Only a small fraction is removed by target tissue – Steroid (and thyroid hormones) are degraded after hormonereceptor complex binds to DNA • action and elimination are slower (hours-days) – protein and amine hormones (non steroids) bind to receptors and are internalized and degraded • action and elimination is usually quicker (minutes) 20 Endocrine Pathologies 21 Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Problems Dwarfism Characteristics -Short stature (proportional) Cause shortage of GH (hypophysial dwarfism) or defective receptor (Laron Syndrome). www.blogsmonroe.com Endocrine Disorders Gigantism CharacteristicsExtreme height (8-9 ft, proportional structures) CauseExcessive GH during development Gigantism is extremely rare (only a few hundred known cases total). Cause of excess of GH excess varies but often is linked to23Acromegaly www.endotext.org Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Problems AcromegalyAcromegalyCharacteristics Causeexcess GH in adulthood.joint aches abnormal bone growth thick coarse oily skin Usually benign adenoma impaired vision excessive sweating sleep apnea abnormal menstruation skin odor erectile dysfunction headaches fatigue and weakness decreased libido enlarged lips nose and tongue skin tags www.addamsfamily.com Endocrine Disorders Hypothyroidisim CharacteristicsCause - Not enough thyroid hormone. Fatigue, weakness, weight gain or resistance to weight loss, course dry hair, Hasimoto’s dry roughdiseasepale skin, autoimmune hair loss, cold disease intolerance, muscle cramps and aches, constipation, depression, irritability, Medical treatmentshormone replacement memory loss, abnormal menstruation, decreased libido. thyroid.about.com High TSH with low T3/T4. 25 www.datiskharrazian.com Endocrine Disorders – Hyperthyroidism CausesCharacteristicspalpitations, heat disease Graves’ Disease: autoimmune intolerance, nervousness, (antibodies attach toinsomnia, thyroid and over breathlessness, increased BM, decreased stimulate T3 production) menstruation, fatigue, fast heart rate, trembling, muscle weakness, Benignweight tumor-loss, nodule (few cells) warm moist skin, hair loss, staring gaze. out of regulation pro.corbis.com LowThyroiditisTSH temporary swelling high T3/T4 levels (postpartum) – of gland www.avondalevet.com 26 Endocrine Disorders—Hyperthyroidism con’t: • Treatment-antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine and possibly surgery (if trouble swallowing or initial treatments don’t work. 27 Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Disease Characteristicscentral body obesity glucose intolerance Hypertension menstrual irregularity “Buffalo hump” Osteoporosis kidney stones excess hair growth emotional liability “moon” face Cause- Excess Cortisol tumor of the lungs, pituitary or adrenal glands 28 ourlatinamerica.blogspot.com Endocrine Disorders DiabetesMost common Endocrine disorder Consistent elevated blood sugar Characteristics- frequent hunger, thirst, urination, blurred vision, fatigue, weight loss, poor wound healing, dry mouth, dry itchy skin, impotence, recurrent infections. Erratic blood sugar. – normal blood glucose: 80-120mg/100 ml, – diabetes: as much as 600mg/100ml of blood 29 www.malluworld.org Endocrine Disorders Diabetes CausesType 1 -insulin deficiency Type 2 -insulin resistance hormone disturbance Agromegaly Cushing’s Gestational diabetes- temporary condition caused by pregnancy placenta metabolizes insulin quickly. 30 Endocrine Disorders ENDOCRINE DISORDERS Adrenal disorders: Adrenal insufficiency Addison's disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Mineralocorticoid deficiency Conn's syndrome Cushing's syndrome adrenogenital syndrome Pheochromocytoma Adrenocortical carcinoma GRA/Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism Glucose homeostasis disorders: Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia Insulinoma Metabolic bone disease: Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) Rickets and osteomalacia Pituitary gland disorders: Diabetes insipidus Hypopituitarism Pituitary tumors Pituitary adenomas Prolactinoma Acromegaly, gigantism Cushing's disease Parathyroid gland disorders: Primary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Sex hormone disorders: Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders Hermaphroditism Gonadal dysgenesis Androgen insensitivity syndromes Hypogonadism Gonadotropin deficiency Kallmann syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Ovarian failure Testicular failure Turner syndrome Disorders of Gender Gender identity disorder Disorders of Puberty Delayed puberty recocious puberty Menstrual function or fertility disorders Amenorrhea Polycystic ovary syndrome Thyroid disorders: Goiter Hyperthyroidism and GravesBasedow disease Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis Thyroid cancer Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere Multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN type 1 MEN type 2a and 31 2b Review of Endocrine System • Quick review of info… • Amazing Podcast! Endocrine System • Glands and the hormones they produce…you will need to know these for the test. • Study earlier rather than later! Hypothalamus a region of the brain, between the thalamus and the midbrain, that functions as the main control center for the autonomic nervous system by regulating sleep cycles, body temperature, appetite, etc., and that acts as an endocrine gland by producing hormones, including the releasing factors that control the hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus Gland Hormones • TRF –Responsible for stimulating Pituitary to release TSH en.wikipedia.org Hypothalamus Gland Hormones • Oxytocin –Responsible for causing uterine contractions during and after birth. Hypothalamus Gland Hormones • GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) –Responsible for triggering release of GH from pituitary www.uscnk.com Hypothalamus Gland Hormones • GnRH (gondatropin releasing hormone) –Triggers release of FSH from pituitary. commons.wikimedia.org Pituitary • Known as the master gland as it is not only responsible for many hormones, it also acts as a regulator for other glands in the endocrine system. Pituitary Gland Hormones • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) –Responsible for maintaining water balance in your body. Pituitary Gland Hormones • GH (Growth Hormone) –Causes growth in humans…big surprise huh? Pituitary Gland Hormones • TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) –Influences your thyroid gland Pituitary Gland Hormones • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) –Regulates the adrenal glands Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Hormone • Melatonin –Helps your body adjust to various amounts of daylight Thyroid Gland Location: Surrounds windpipe Thyroid Hormones • Thyroxine –If iodine is present, it will control the metabolism of glucose in the body. Thyroid Hormones • Calcitonin –Responsible for depositing blood calcium into bones Parathyroid Glands • Location— attached behind the thyroid – Years ago, they used to remove the parathyroids with the thyroid if the thyroid was damaged. This lead to death in patients…OOPS! Parathyroid Hormone • PTH (Parathyroid hormone) – Responsible for pulling calcium from bones and depositing it into the bloodstream. Thymus Gland • Location: Longish gland in the middle of your chest. Thymus Hormone • Thymosin –Assists the immune system Adrenal Glands Location: Located right on top of kidneys Adrenal hormones • Aldosterone –Maintain blood salts (primarily Na+, K+) Adrenal hormones • Cortisol: – Kicks in to help body with long term stress. Adrenal hormones • Epinephrine – Kicks in when body undergoes short term stress – Test-taking, car accident, caught in a lie…etc. Pancreas • Location: Found right behind the stomach Pancreas hormones • Insulin –Decreases blood sugar Pancreas hormones • Glucagon –Increases blood sugar Ovaries • Small, almond shaped organs on the ends of the fallopian tubes. Ovary hormones • Estrogen and Progesterone – Responsible for sex characteristics and controlling the menstrual cycle Testes • Testosterone – Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics Other structures and the ES • Placenta –Estrogen and Progesterone help maintain uterus health –Lactogenic Growth hormone help with milk production after birth of baby