Download Exercise 2 body systems and muscles - PCC

Lab Activity 1
Body Organization and Terminology
Portland Community College
BI 231
Organs and Organ Systems
• Regional anatomy is the study
of particular areas of the body,
such as head or leg
• An organ system is a collection
of organs that works as a team
to complete an objective
• Although organ systems are
studied separately, there is
intimate connections between
the systems
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Reproductive System
• Structures:
• Gonads: testes and ovaries
• Accessory organs: uterus, vagina, penis, and
seminal vesicles, play a part in the transport of the
sex cells and the development of the fetus
• Functions:
• Making Babies
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Urinary System
• Structures:
• Kidneys (serve as filters), ureters (connect kidneys
to bladder), urinary bladder (storage),
urethra (exit tube from the body)
• Functions:
• Removal of nitrogenous wastes
• Adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and
maintaining blood volume
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Nervous System
• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
peripheral nerves and sense organs.
• Function:
• Fast-acting control system of the body
• Coordinates body regions, interprets environmental
cues, and integrates information
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Muscular System
• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body and
associated tendons
• Function:
• Moves and strengthen joints
• Provides protection and support for other tissues
• Thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains
body temperature
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Respiratory System
• Structures:
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs
• Functions:
• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
• Regulate blood pH
• Produces sound for communication
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Skeletal System
• Structure: each bone is considered an organ,
with blood vessels and nerves found in each,
cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow
• Function:
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Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium
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Lymphatic/Immune
System
• Structures:
• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow, tonsils
• Functions:
• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
• Disposal of debris
• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens
i.e., disease-causing organisms)
• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Integumentary System
• Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
• Function:
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Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Site of pain and pressure receptors
Helps regulate body temperature
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Digestive System
• Structures:
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder
• Functions:
• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into
absorbable units that will enter the blood for
distribution to the body’s cells
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Endocrine System
• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,
Kidneys, Heart
• Functions:
• Long-term control system of the body
• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
• Structures:
• Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
and blood
• Functions:
• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),
wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.
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Anatomical Position
• Anytime you describe structures
relative to one another, you must
assume this standard position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
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Body Orientation
and Direction
• These are relative positions
• Proximal/distal
• Proximal is closer to the trunk
• Distal is farther from the
trunk
• Medial/lateral
• Medial is closer to the midline
• Farther away from the midline
Intermediate is between medial
and lateral
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Body Orientation and Direction
• Dorsal: Back
• Ventral: Front
• Superior or cranial is
toward the head
• Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet
• Anterior: most forward
• Posterior: toward the
backside
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Relationships and
comparisons
• Ipsilateral- on the
same side of the body
• Contralateral- on the
opposite side of the
body
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Planes of the Body
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Dorsal Body Cavity
• Dorsal cavity
protects the nervous
system
• Contains Brain and
Spinal Cord
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Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity
• Heart & Lungs
• Subdivided into the
mediastinum and pleural
cavities
• Lower border is the diaphragm
• Abdominal Cavity
• Stomach, Liver, Intestines
• Pelvic Cavity
• Reproductive organs Bladder,
Rectum
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
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Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Heart
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Anterior
Landmarks
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Posterior
Landmarks
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Anatomical Locations
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Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
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Anatomical Locations
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Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast
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Anatomical Locations
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Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot
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Anatomical Locations
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Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest
Vertebral: spine
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Abdominopelvic
Regions
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Quadrants
• RUQ
• Liver
• LUQ
• Spleen
• RLQ
• Appendix
• LLQ
• Sigmoid colon
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Muscles to know
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Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
External abdominal
oblique
Rectus abdominis
Biceps brachii
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Tibialis anterior
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Muscles continued
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Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
gastrocnemius
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Lab Activity 2
The Microscope
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Care of the Microscope
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with
one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base
Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE
KIMWIPES.
Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power
objective and change to higher-power lenses as
necessary.
• Use fine focus only for adjustment
Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power
objective lens
Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations
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Putting Microscope Away
1. Remove slides from stage and place in
appropriate place
2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into
position
3. Move stage to the lowest position
4. Turn down light brightness
5. Turn off power
6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or
alcohol wipe if needed
7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base
8. Lock the cabinet
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The End
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