Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Lab Activity 1 Body Organization and Terminology Portland Community College BI 231 Organs and Organ Systems • Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as head or leg • An organ system is a collection of organs that works as a team to complete an objective • Although organ systems are studied separately, there is intimate connections between the systems 2 Reproductive System • Structures: • Gonads: testes and ovaries • Accessory organs: uterus, vagina, penis, and seminal vesicles, play a part in the transport of the sex cells and the development of the fetus • Functions: • Making Babies 3 Urinary System • Structures: • Kidneys (serve as filters), ureters (connect kidneys to bladder), urinary bladder (storage), urethra (exit tube from the body) • Functions: • Removal of nitrogenous wastes • Adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and maintaining blood volume 4 Nervous System • Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sense organs. • Function: • Fast-acting control system of the body • Coordinates body regions, interprets environmental cues, and integrates information 5 Muscular System • Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body and associated tendons • Function: • Moves and strengthen joints • Provides protection and support for other tissues • Thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains body temperature 6 Respiratory System • Structures: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2 • Regulate blood pH • Produces sound for communication 7 Skeletal System • Structure: each bone is considered an organ, with blood vessels and nerves found in each, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow • Function: • • • • Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) Mineral storage • Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium 8 Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow, tonsils • Functions: • Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream • Disposal of debris • Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms) • Absorption of fat from the digestive tract 9 Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands • Function: • • • • • Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Involved in vitamin D synthesis Site of pain and pressure receptors Helps regulate body temperature 10 Digestive System • Structures: • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Functions: • Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells 11 Endocrine System • Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands • Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart • Functions: • Long-term control system of the body • Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things. 12 Cardiovascular System • Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) and blood • Functions: • The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. • Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat. 13 Anatomical Position • Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away from body 14 Body Orientation and Direction • These are relative positions • Proximal/distal • Proximal is closer to the trunk • Distal is farther from the trunk • Medial/lateral • Medial is closer to the midline • Farther away from the midline Intermediate is between medial and lateral 15 Body Orientation and Direction • Dorsal: Back • Ventral: Front • Superior or cranial is toward the head • Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet • Anterior: most forward • Posterior: toward the backside 16 Relationships and comparisons • Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body • Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body 17 Planes of the Body 18 Dorsal Body Cavity • Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system • Contains Brain and Spinal Cord 19 Cavities • Thoracic Cavity • Heart & Lungs • Subdivided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities • Lower border is the diaphragm • Abdominal Cavity • Stomach, Liver, Intestines • Pelvic Cavity • Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum 20 Serous Membranes • Serous Membranes have two layers 1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls 1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae 21 Serous Membranes 22 Serous Membranes of the Heart 23 Anterior Landmarks 24 Posterior Landmarks 25 Anatomical Locations • • • • • • • • • • Abdominal: abdominal region Acromial: the point of the shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head 26 Anatomical Locations • • • • • • • • • • • Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast 27 Anatomical Locations • • • • • • • • • • Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot 28 Anatomical Locations • • • • • • • • • • • Pelvic: pelvis region Perineal: area between anus and external genitals Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb Popliteal: behind the knee Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back between the hips Scapular: shoulder blade Tarsal: ankle Thoracic: chest Vertebral: spine 29 Abdominopelvic Regions 30 Quadrants • RUQ • Liver • LUQ • Spleen • RLQ • Appendix • LLQ • Sigmoid colon 31 Muscles to know • • • • • • • • • Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major External abdominal oblique Rectus abdominis Biceps brachii Sartorius Rectus femoris Tibialis anterior 32 Muscles continued • • • • • • • Trapezius Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Gluteus maximus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris gastrocnemius 33 Lab Activity 2 The Microscope 35 Care of the Microscope 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. • Use fine focus only for adjustment Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations 36 Putting Microscope Away 1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place 2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position 3. Move stage to the lowest position 4. Turn down light brightness 5. Turn off power 6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed 7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base 8. Lock the cabinet 37 The End 38