Download The Skeletal System - Blyth-Exercise

The Skeletal System
Lesson 2.2
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral
Column
Skull
• Divided into two parts:
a) Calvaria
b) Face
a) Calvaria
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone
Calvaria Cont.
• May be fractured in blows to
the skull (e.g., in hockey,
being checked and hitting the
skull on the ice)
• Temporal bone:
– more fragile of the calvaria
bones
– overlies one of the major blood
vessels
– if fractured and displaced
internally = medical emergency
(picture)
b) Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bone
Nasal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla Bone
Mandible Bone
Vertebral Column
• Composed of
24 articulating
vertebrae and 9
fused vertebrae
Vertebral Column
7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
Lumbar vertebra,
lateral view
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
Lumbar vertebra,
superior view
5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)
Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column
interspersed with fibrocartilaginous
(intervertebral) discs
• Function:
– provides a strong and flexible support for the body
and the ability to keep the body erect
– the point of attachment for the muscles of the back.
– protect the spinal cord and nerves
– absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs without
causing damage to other vertebrae
Ribs
• Twelve pairs
• Made up of :
– bone
– cartilage which strengthen the chest cage
and permit it to expand.

Curved and slightly twisted making it
ideal to protect the chest area
Ribs Cont’d
• All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve
thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
• Classified into three groups based on anterior
attachment:
– true ribs
• 1-7
• attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum
– false ribs
• 8-10
• attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib
– floating ribs
• 11 and 12
• only attach to the vertebral column
The Ribs
Manubrium
Sternal Body
True Ribs
(1-7)
Xiphoid Process
False Ribs
(8-10)
Costal Cartilages
Floating Ribs
(11-12)
Sternum
• Mid-line breast bone
• The clavicles and ribs one to seven
articulate with the sternum
Sternum –
comprised of the
manubrium, sternal
body and xiphoid
process
Shoulder
Scapula – Posterior
Scapula - Anterior
• Glenoid cavity –
where humerus
articulates
• Acromion (highest)
articulates with
clavicle
3. Upper Limb
Humerus
• Humerus
– The arm bone
– shoulder to elbow
• Radius and Ulna
Radius
Ulna
– The forearm bones
– elbow to wrist
– the radius being located on the thumb side of the
hand
– when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually
crossing over the ulna - try it yourself
Upper Limb Cont.
Carpals
Proximal
Phalanx
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Distal
Phalanx
Middle
Phalanx
Pelvic Girdle
• Made of three bones
– Os coxa (hip bone)
– Sacrum
– Coccyx (tail bone)
Guess the sex of these pelvic
girdles
4. Lower Limb
• Femur
– thigh bone
Femur
– from hip to knee
• Patella
– knee cap
– sesamoid bone in the
tendon of the
quadriceps muscles
(thigh)
Patella
Lower Limb Cont’d
• Tibia and Fibula
– leg bones
– From knee to ankle
– Tibia is medial and fibula is
lateral
Fibula
• Medial malleolus and Lateral
malleolus
– The distal ends of the tibia and
Tibia
fibula, respectively
– commonly referred to as the
"ankle bones"
Lat. malleolus
– can be easily palpated
Med. malleolus
Lower Limb Cont’d
• Tarsals
Talus
– ankle bones
– calcaneus or the heel bone
– talus
• Metatarsals
Calcaneus
– 5 bones of the foot
– unite with the toes
• Phalanges
– toe bones
– three per toe except the big
toe - proximal, middle and
distal
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Skeletal Surface Markings
• The surfaces of bones have various structural
features adapted to specific functions.
• Called surface markings. Long bones that bear a
great deal of weight have large, rounded ends
that can form sturdy joints.
• Other bones have depressions that receive the
rounded ends.
Depressions and Openings
Foramen
an opening through which
blood vessels, nerves, or
ligaments pass
Example:
Meatus
a tubelike passageway
running within a bone
Example:
Paranasal
sinus
an air-filled cavity within a
bone connected to the
nasal cavity
Fossa
a depression in or on a bone
Example:
Processes that form Joints
Condyle
a large, rounded articular
prominence
Example:
Head
a rounded articular projection
supported on the
constricted portion (neck)
of a bone
Example:
Facet
a smooth, flat surface
Example:
Processes to which tendons, ligaments and other connective
tissues attach
Tuberosity
Tubercle
(smaller)
a large, rounded, usually
roughened process
Example:
Spinous
process
a sharp, slender projection
Example:
Trochanter
a large, blunt projection found Example:
only on the femur
Crest
a prominent border or ridge
Example:
Games
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