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The Skeletal System Lesson 2.2 Axial Skeleton Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebral Column Skull • Divided into two parts: a) Calvaria b) Face a) Calvaria Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bone Calvaria Cont. • May be fractured in blows to the skull (e.g., in hockey, being checked and hitting the skull on the ice) • Temporal bone: – more fragile of the calvaria bones – overlies one of the major blood vessels – if fractured and displaced internally = medical emergency (picture) b) Facial Bones Lacrimal Bone Nasal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone Mandible Bone Vertebral Column • Composed of 24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused vertebrae Vertebral Column 7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck) Lumbar vertebra, lateral view 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest) Lumbar vertebra, superior view 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back) Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks) Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone) Vertebral Column • Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs • Function: – provides a strong and flexible support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect – the point of attachment for the muscles of the back. – protect the spinal cord and nerves – absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs without causing damage to other vertebrae Ribs • Twelve pairs • Made up of : – bone – cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand. Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area Ribs Cont’d • All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve thoracic vertebrae posteriorly • Classified into three groups based on anterior attachment: – true ribs • 1-7 • attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum – false ribs • 8-10 • attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib – floating ribs • 11 and 12 • only attach to the vertebral column The Ribs Manubrium Sternal Body True Ribs (1-7) Xiphoid Process False Ribs (8-10) Costal Cartilages Floating Ribs (11-12) Sternum • Mid-line breast bone • The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with the sternum Sternum – comprised of the manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process Shoulder Scapula – Posterior Scapula - Anterior • Glenoid cavity – where humerus articulates • Acromion (highest) articulates with clavicle 3. Upper Limb Humerus • Humerus – The arm bone – shoulder to elbow • Radius and Ulna Radius Ulna – The forearm bones – elbow to wrist – the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand – when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna - try it yourself Upper Limb Cont. Carpals Proximal Phalanx Metacarpals Phalanges Distal Phalanx Middle Phalanx Pelvic Girdle • Made of three bones – Os coxa (hip bone) – Sacrum – Coccyx (tail bone) Guess the sex of these pelvic girdles 4. Lower Limb • Femur – thigh bone Femur – from hip to knee • Patella – knee cap – sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles (thigh) Patella Lower Limb Cont’d • Tibia and Fibula – leg bones – From knee to ankle – Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral Fibula • Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus – The distal ends of the tibia and Tibia fibula, respectively – commonly referred to as the "ankle bones" Lat. malleolus – can be easily palpated Med. malleolus Lower Limb Cont’d • Tarsals Talus – ankle bones – calcaneus or the heel bone – talus • Metatarsals Calcaneus – 5 bones of the foot – unite with the toes • Phalanges – toe bones – three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Skeletal Surface Markings • The surfaces of bones have various structural features adapted to specific functions. • Called surface markings. Long bones that bear a great deal of weight have large, rounded ends that can form sturdy joints. • Other bones have depressions that receive the rounded ends. Depressions and Openings Foramen an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass Example: Meatus a tubelike passageway running within a bone Example: Paranasal sinus an air-filled cavity within a bone connected to the nasal cavity Fossa a depression in or on a bone Example: Processes that form Joints Condyle a large, rounded articular prominence Example: Head a rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone Example: Facet a smooth, flat surface Example: Processes to which tendons, ligaments and other connective tissues attach Tuberosity Tubercle (smaller) a large, rounded, usually roughened process Example: Spinous process a sharp, slender projection Example: Trochanter a large, blunt projection found Example: only on the femur Crest a prominent border or ridge Example: Games http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072919329/student_view0/chapter7/labeli ng_exercises.html#