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SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 8 Skeletal System Useful Weblinks http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/skulltt.htm http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html http://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/text.htm http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html Learning Goals Divisions of the Skeleton Learning Goals 1 = Identify on a skeleton the two main divisions of the skeletal system 2 = Identify how many bones are in each skeletal system subdivision 3 = Introduction to bone marking terminology Skeletal Organization How many separate bones are found in the adult skeleton? Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton • head • upper limbs • neck • lower limbs • trunk • pectoral girdle • pelvic girdle Skeletal Organization How many separate bones are found in the adult skeleton? 206 80 bones Axial Skeleton • head • neck • trunk 74 axis + 6 tiny ear bones 126 bones Appendicular Skeleton • upper limbs • lower limbs • pectoral girdle • pelvic girdle Skeletal Organization Bone Markings = Specific features of an individual bone Memorize these terms: angle, body, condyle, crest, epicondyle, facet, fissure, foramen, fossa, head, line, margin, meatus, neck, notch, process, ramus, sinus, spine, sulcus, trochanter, tuberosity Bone Marking Quiz on Friday BONE MARKINGS BONE MARKINGS Bone markings Axial Skeleton • Skull- 28 irregularly shaped bones • 2 major divisions of the skull cranium or brain case 8 bones (front, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, the sphenoid, ethmoid face 14 bones (2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, the mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae (turbinates), and the vomer The Skull Learning Goals 1- Distinguish between the bones of the skull and the bones of the face 2- List the sutures and fontanels of the skull 3- Identify the location of the paranasal sinuses 4- Identify each skull bone, as well as each relevant bone marking Cranium Frontal (1) • forehead- roof of eye sockets and anterior part of cranial floor (feel supraorbital margin– arched ridge just below the eyebrows, forms upper edge of orbit, Frontal sinus- “sinus pressure”) Cranium Cranium Cranium Parietal (2) • behind frontal, top and sides of cranium •temporalis muscle attaches here Cranium Cranium Cranium Occipital (1)- posterior part of cranial floor and walls • back of skull • base of cranium • foramen magnum- big hole through which the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity • occipital condyles • lambdoid suture Cranium Cranium Temporal (2)-lower sides of and part of cranial floor, contains middle and inner ear structures; ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes are located in middle ear cavity of temporal bone) • external acoustic meatus- tube extending into temporal bone from external ear opening to tympanic membrane •mastoid process- protuberance just behind the ear • styloid process- slender spike of bone, underside, anterior to mastoid process, ligaments that support hyoid bone and tongue muscles • zygomatic process- projection that articulates with malar (or zygomatic bone) Cranium Cranium Sphenoid (1)- bulk of cranial floor, “bat with outstreched wings”, bring between cranium and facial •sella turcica = Turkish saddle, contains pituitary gland • sphenoidal sinuses Cranium Cranium “Pterygoid” = “legs of bat Above nose and throat Cranium Ethmoid (1)- irregular bone that makes up the anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial walls of orbits, upper parts of nasal roof; lies anterior to sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones •cribriform plates: olfactory nerves pass through holes in this plate • perpendicular plate- upper part of nasal septum • superior and middle nasal conchae • ethmoidal sinuses • crista galli **Cranium stops growing by age 4 or 5; brain stops growing and cranial sutures develop; “soft spots”- fontanels Cranium Cranium Sutures • Sutures are immovable joints between skull bones Coronal: between parietal bones and front bones Lambdoidal: between parietal bones and occipital bones Squamous: line of articulation along top curved edge of temporal bone Sagittal: between right and left parietal bones (on top of head) Cranium Infantile Skull 6 areas- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, mastoid, only 2 visible Fontanels – fibrous membranes Where parietal and frontal bones meetlargest of the fontanels, closes by age 1.5 years of age Occipital (posterior)where parietal + occipital bones meet, usually closed by 2 months Fontanels • Sphenoid (anterolateral)- where sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bones meet • Mastoid (posterolateral)- where parietal, occipital, and temporal bones meet- closed by 2 years of age Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton is composed of (14 bones) = 2 Nasal 2 Maxilla 2 Zygomatic Bones 1 Mandible 2 Lacrimal 2 Palatine bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae 1 Vomer Facial Skeleton Maxillary (2) • upper jaw bones, forms part of eye socket, anterior part of roof of mouth, and floor of nose and part of side-walls of nose; does not directly articulate with mandibleONLY facial bone that does not • palatine process- horizontal inward projection from alveolar process; forms anterior and larger part of hard palate Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Palatine (2) • L shaped bones located behind the maxillae • posterior section of hard palate • floor of nasal cavity • lateral walls of nasal cavity Facial Skeleton Horizontal plate of palatine bone Facial Skeleton Zygomatic (2) • prominences of cheeks • lateral walls of orbits • floors of orbits • temporal process Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Lacrimal (2)- thin bones about the size and shape of a fingernail at medial corner of eye sockets • medial walls of orbits • groove from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal (2) • forming the bridge of nose Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Vomer (1)- forms lower and posterior part of nasal septum; shaped like the blade of a plough • inferior portion of nasal septum Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) • extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Mandible (1) • lower jaw • body • ramus • mandibular condyle • coronoid process • alveolar process • mandibular foramen • mental foramen Facial Skeleton Facial Skeleton Sinuses • Front sinuses: cavities inside bone, above supraorbital margin; lined with mucosa; contain air • Mastoid air cells: mucosa-line, air-filled spaces within mastoid process of temporal bone • Sphenoid sinus: irregular mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces within central part of sphenoid Sinuses • Maxillary sinus: large mucosa-lined, airfilled cavity within body of each maxilla; largest of sinuses • Ethmoid air cells/sinus: mucosa-lined air spaces within lateral masses of bone *Function of facial bones- protect brain, act as “shock absorbers” *Function of sinuses may serve as a reservoir for mucus and lighten the weight of the skull 1. Frontal Sinus Lateral Sinus & Skull 2. Maxillary Sinus 3. Ethmoid Sinus 11 4. Spenoid Sinus 5. Sella Turcica 1 6. Occipital Bone 7. Mastoid Air Cells 3 8. Floor of posterior fossa 5 9. Anterior arch of C-1 7 10. Mandible 11.Coronal Suture 2 4 6 9 8 10 Base of the Skull 1. Lat. ptyergoid plate 2. Ethmoid Sinus 6 3. Odontoid Process 4. Sphenoid Sinus 2 5. Foramen ovale 6. Maxillary Sinus 7. Mastoid air cells 8. Ant arch of C-1 9. Margin of foramen magnum 1 10. Ext auditory canal 5 4 10 8 3 9 7 Airway 3 2 5 4 1 1. Calcified tracheal cartilage rings 2. Hyoid bone 3. Epiglottis 4. Thyroid cartilage 5. Cricoid cartilage AP WATERS VIEW Sinuses 1. Frontal sinus 1 2. Ethmoid Sinus 10 3. Nasal Septum (bony) 4. Zygomatical-Frontal Suture 2 5. Maxillary Sinus 4 6. Zygoma 7. Zygomatic Arch 5 3 8. Mandible 9. Inferior orbital margin 6 9 7 8 10. Left orbit Read & Refresh • Pages 260-276 in 18th edition • Pages in 17th edition • Pages 213-239 in 16th edition Focus on the “Facial Bones” section and tables for your reading and notes Pick a Partner- its time for a Skull Tutorial Vertebral Column • Learning Goals 1- Name the regions of the vertebral column, and number of vertebrae in each segment 2- Identify the distinguishing characteristics of vertebrae from each spinal column segment Vertebral Column • cervical vertebrae (7) • thoracic vertebrae (12) • lumbar vertebrae (5) • sacrum • coccyx Vertebral Column Vertebral Column • cervical curvature • thoracic curvature • lumbar curvature • sacral curvature • rib facets • vertebra prominens • intervertebral discs • intervertebral foramina Vertebral Column Thoracic Vertebrae • long spinous processes • rib facets Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – 1st; supports head • Axis – 2nd; pivots to turn head • transverse foramina • bifid spinous processes • vertebral prominens – useful landmark Vertebral Column Study Guide Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae • large bodies • thick, short spinous processes Sacrum • five fused vertebrae • median sacral crest • posterior sacral foramina • posterior wall of pelvic cavity • sacral promontory Thoracic Vertebrae Coccyx Sternum and Ribs Learning Goals 1- Twelve pairs of ribs, together with the vertebral column and sternum, form the bony cage known as the thoracic cage 2- Identify the bone components of the thoracic cage Thoracic Cage • Ribs • Sternum • Thoracic vertebrae • Costal cartilages • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Protects viscera • Role in breathing Thoracic Cage Costosternal articulation Ribs • True ribs (7) • False ribs (5) •8, 9th, & 10th •Floating ribs (2) Rib Structure • Shaft angle Sternal extremity • Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae • Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae • Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Or body Rib Structure Sternum • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Pectoral Girdle • Learning Goal 1: Know the two main bones of the pectoral girdle • Learning Goal 2: Know the distinguishing bone characteristics of the scapula The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.33 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Pectoral Girdle • shoulder girdle clavicles scapulae • supports upper limbs Sternal end of claviclearticulate with manubrium Acromial end of claviclearticulate with scapulae (acromion process) Scapulae Read and Refresh • Pages 277-285 in 18th edition • Pages in 17th edition • Pages in 16th edition Upper Extremity • Learning Goals 1- the upper extremity consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower arm, wrist and hand 2- list the bones that comprise the upper extremity, including the relevant markings on each bone Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Figure 5.21a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Bones of the Upper Limb • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Radius Figure 5.21c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Upper Limb • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges Humerus • head • greater tubercle • lesser tubercle • anatomical neck • surgical neck • deltoid tuberosity • capitulum • trochlea • coronoid fossa • olecranon fossa Ulna • medial forearm bone • trochlear notch • olecranon process • coronoid process • styloid process Radius • lateral forearm bone • head • radial tuberosity • styloid process Wrist and Hand • Carpals (16) • trapezium • trapezoid • capitate • scaphoid • pisiform • triquetrum • hamate • lunate • Metacarpals (10) • Phalanges (28) • proximal phalanx • middle phalanx • distal phalanx Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.36 She Likes To Play Scaphoid Lunate In the moonlight A boat Triquetrum The third T Bone Mnemonic for Learning Carpals Pisiform Pea-shaped Hamate A hambone With a hook Trapezium: “It’s by the thumb” Capitate Trapezoid “Is by its side” Click R Button for Slideshow Try To Catch Her Right Palm Hand Quiz B C D E A F G K J H Answers: Next Slide; for Drill Click Back & Forth Right Palm Hand Quiz Answers B. Metacarpals A. Phalanges C. Trapezium D. Scaphoid E. Lunate F. Triquetrum G. Pisiform H. Hamate J. Capitate K. Trapezoid Right Palm Read and Refresh • Pages 286-289 in 18th edition • Pages in 17th edition • Pages 235-240 in 16th edition Lower Extremity Learning Goals 1- List the bones that comprise the lower extremity, including the relevant markings on each bone 2- Discuss the structural components and function significance of the arches of the foot Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.35c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.41 Lower Limb • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Femur • longest bone of body • head • fovea capitis • neck • greater trochanter • lesser trochanter • linea aspera • condyles • epicondyles Patella • kneecap • anterior surface of knee • flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon Tibia • shin bone • medial to fibula • condyles • tibial tuberosity • anterior crest • medial malleolus Fibula • lateral to tibia • long, slender • head • lateral malleolus • does not bear any body weight Ankle and Foot • Tarsals (14) • calcaneus • talus • navicular • cuboid • lateral cuneiform • intermediate cuneiform • medial cuneiform • Metatarsals (10) • Phalanges (28) • proximal • middle • distal Ankle and Foot Mnemonic for Learning Tarsal Bones: Tiger Cubs Talus Need MILC Navicular Medial A boat It sails on the Cs cuneiform (1) Intermediate cuneiform (2) Lateral Calcaneus Click R Button for Slideshow cuneiform (3) Cuboid Foot Quiz H G J F E A C D Answers: Next Slide; for Drill Click Back & Forth B Right, Superior View G. Medial Cuneiform (1) H. Intermediate Cuneiform (2) J. Lateral Cuneiform (3) F. Navicular E. Talus A. Phalanges C. Cuboid D. Calcaneus Foot Quiz Answers B. Metatarsals Right, Superior View Where to Get Medical Mnemonics Some are in books like this: •Goldberg, S. (1984). Clinical Anatomy Made Ridiculously Simple. Miami, FL, MedMaster. There are many more on the Internet. The best site that I have seen is Medical Mnemonics: •http://www.medicalmnemonics.com Finally, you might try making up your own Read and Refresh Caption “Lower Extremity” • Pages 289-296 in the 18th edition Skeletal Differences in Men and Women • Learning Goals 1- list the skeletal differences between males and females 2- determine height and sex from bones Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones = Coxal Bones Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.37 Pelvic Girdle The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Male and Female Pelves Female • iliac bones more flared • broader hips • pubic arch angle greater • more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities • sacral curvature shorter and flatter • lighter bones Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.39 Greater and Lesser Pelves Greater Pelvis= False • lumbar vertebrae posteriorly • iliac bones laterally • abdominal wall anteriorly Lesser Pelvis = True • sacrum and coccyx posteriorly • lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly Coxae • hip bones •acetabulum • ilium • iliac crest • iliac spines • greater sciatic notch • ischium • ischial spines • lesser sciatic notch • ischial tuberosity • pubis • obturator foramen • symphysis pubis • pubic arch Coxae • Hip bones • ilium • iliac crest • iliac spines • greater sciatic notch • ischium • ischial spines • lesser sciatic notch • ischial tuberosity • pubis • obturator foramen • symphysis pubis • pubic arch acetabulum Sex Differences • Explain some methods for determining the sex. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/forens ics/sex_determ.html Identification of Skeletal Remains 1) Sex Determination from the Skull: Identification of Skeletal Remains 1) Sex Determination From the Mandible: Mandible angle : With accuracy of 90% From the bones of The skull. Cycle of Life: Mechanisms of Disease Learning Goals 1- Discuss age changes in the skeleton 2- Discuss the three primary types of abnormal spinal curvatures 3- Describe different types of bone fractures Normal Spinal Curvature There are 4 natural curves in the vertebral column 130 Linear Spinal Curvatures Kyphosis Spine curves backward in the chest area “Roundback” Lordosis Spine curves forward at the waist “Swayback” 131 Scoliosis • Sideways curvature of the spine • Spine turns on its axis like a corkscrew • Normal spine has a “l” appearance • Scoliosis produces an “S” or “C” appearance 132 Degrees of Curvature Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the normal vertical line of the spine which, when measured by an X-ray, is greater than 10 degrees. MILD MODERATE SEVERE American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee 133 Causes for Scoliosis Congenital Problem with the formation of vertebrae or fused ribs during prenatal development Present at birth Neuromuscular, Connective Tissue & Chromosomal Abnormalities Caused by a neurological disorder of CNS or muscular weakness Cerebral palsy, Muscular dystrophy, Spina bifida, Paralysis Marfan’s Syndrome Down’s syndrome Idiopathic Structural spinal curvature with no established cause Appears in a previously straight spine 80-85% of cases American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee 134 Most Common Forms 1. Right thoracic 90% of thoracic curvatures are to the right 2. Right thorocolumbar 3. Left lumbar 4. Double major-S curve American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee 135 Life-Span Changes • decrease in height at about age 30 • calcium levels fall • bones become brittle • osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • spongy bone weakens before compact bone • bone loss rapid in menopausal women • hip fractures common • vertebral compression fractures common Clinical Application Types of Fractures • green stick • fissured • comminuted • transverse • oblique • spiral Bone Fractures & Healing Although bones are strong, they are susceptible to breaks (fractures) all throughout life. The most common times in life for fractures to occur are during youth (due to excessive activity, sports, and bad judgment) and in the elderly (due to bone thinning and weakening, often due to osteoporosis). Six most common types of fractures: 1) Comminuted 2) Compression 3) Depressed 4) Impacted 5) Spiral 6) Greenstick Comminuted fractures: bone breaks in many fragments. Compression fractures: bone is crushed. Depressed fractures: bone is pressed inward. Impacted fractures: broken bone ends are forced into each other. Spiral fractures: ragged break occurs during twisting. Greenstick fractures: bone breaks incompletely (like a young twig). Read & Refresh Mechanisms of Disease • Pages 298-304 in 18th edition • Pages in 17th edition • Pages in 16th edition