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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Chapter 8
Skeletal System
Useful Weblinks
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/skulltt.htm
http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html
http://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/Skull/text.htm
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
Learning Goals
Divisions of the Skeleton
Learning Goals
1 = Identify on a skeleton the two main
divisions of the skeletal system
2 = Identify how many bones are in each
skeletal system subdivision
3 = Introduction to bone marking terminology
Skeletal Organization
How many separate bones are found
in the adult skeleton?
Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
• head
• upper limbs
• neck
• lower limbs
• trunk
• pectoral girdle
• pelvic girdle
Skeletal Organization
How many separate bones are found
in the adult skeleton? 206
80 bones
Axial Skeleton
• head
• neck
• trunk
74 axis + 6 tiny ear bones
126 bones
Appendicular Skeleton
• upper limbs
• lower limbs
• pectoral girdle
• pelvic girdle
Skeletal Organization
Bone Markings
= Specific features of an individual bone
Memorize these terms: angle, body,
condyle, crest, epicondyle, facet, fissure,
foramen, fossa, head, line, margin,
meatus, neck, notch, process, ramus,
sinus, spine, sulcus, trochanter, tuberosity
Bone Marking Quiz on Friday
BONE MARKINGS
BONE MARKINGS
Bone markings
Axial Skeleton
• Skull- 28 irregularly shaped bones
• 2 major divisions of the skull
 cranium or brain case
8 bones (front, 2 parietal, 2 temporal,
occipital, the sphenoid, ethmoid
 face
14 bones (2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2
nasal, the mandible, 2 lacrimal,
2
palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae
(turbinates), and the vomer
The Skull
Learning Goals
1- Distinguish between the bones of the
skull and the bones of the face
2- List the sutures and fontanels of the skull
3- Identify the location of the paranasal
sinuses
4- Identify each skull bone, as well as
each relevant bone marking
Cranium
Frontal (1)
• forehead- roof of eye sockets and
anterior part of cranial floor (feel
supraorbital margin– arched ridge just
below the eyebrows, forms upper edge of
orbit, Frontal sinus- “sinus pressure”)
Cranium

Cranium

Cranium
Parietal (2)
• behind frontal, top and sides
of cranium
•temporalis muscle attaches
here
Cranium

Cranium

Cranium
Occipital (1)- posterior part of cranial floor and walls
• back of skull
• base of cranium
• foramen magnum- big hole through which
the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity
• occipital condyles
• lambdoid suture
Cranium

Cranium
Temporal (2)-lower sides of and part of cranial floor, contains middle
and inner ear structures; ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes are located in middle
ear cavity of temporal bone)
• external acoustic meatus- tube extending into
temporal bone from external ear opening to tympanic
membrane
•mastoid process- protuberance just behind the ear
• styloid process- slender spike of bone, underside,
anterior to mastoid process, ligaments that support hyoid bone
and tongue muscles
• zygomatic process- projection that articulates with
malar (or zygomatic bone)
Cranium

Cranium
Sphenoid (1)- bulk of cranial floor, “bat with outstreched
wings”, bring between cranium and facial
•sella turcica = Turkish saddle, contains
pituitary gland
• sphenoidal sinuses
Cranium

Cranium
“Pterygoid” = “legs of bat
Above nose and throat
Cranium
Ethmoid (1)- irregular bone that makes up the anterior portion of
the cranial floor, medial walls of orbits, upper parts of nasal roof; lies anterior
to sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones
•cribriform plates:
olfactory nerves pass through holes
in this plate
• perpendicular plate- upper part of nasal septum
• superior and middle nasal conchae
• ethmoidal sinuses
• crista galli
**Cranium stops growing by age 4 or 5; brain stops growing
and cranial sutures develop; “soft spots”- fontanels
Cranium

Cranium
Sutures
• Sutures are immovable joints between skull bones
Coronal: between parietal bones and front
bones
Lambdoidal: between parietal bones and
occipital bones
Squamous: line of articulation along top
curved edge of temporal bone
Sagittal: between right and left parietal bones
(on top of head)
Cranium



Infantile Skull
6 areas- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, mastoid, only 2 visible
Fontanels – fibrous membranes
Where parietal and
frontal bones meetlargest of the
fontanels, closes by
age 1.5 years of age
Occipital (posterior)where parietal +
occipital bones
meet, usually closed
by 2 months
Fontanels
• Sphenoid (anterolateral)- where sphenoid, temporal,
parietal, and frontal bones meet
• Mastoid (posterolateral)- where parietal, occipital, and
temporal bones meet- closed by 2 years of age


Facial Skeleton
Facial Skeleton is composed of (14 bones) =
2 Nasal
2 Maxilla
2 Zygomatic Bones
1 Mandible
2 Lacrimal
2 Palatine bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Vomer
Facial Skeleton
Maxillary (2)
• upper jaw bones, forms part of eye
socket, anterior part of roof of mouth, and
floor of nose and part of side-walls of nose;
does not directly articulate with mandibleONLY facial bone that does not
• palatine process- horizontal inward
projection from alveolar process; forms
anterior and larger part of hard palate
Facial Skeleton

Facial Skeleton
Palatine (2)
• L shaped bones located behind the
maxillae
• posterior section of hard palate
• floor of nasal cavity
• lateral walls of nasal cavity
Facial Skeleton
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Facial Skeleton
Zygomatic (2)
• prominences of cheeks
• lateral walls of orbits
• floors of orbits
• temporal process
Facial Skeleton

Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal (2)- thin bones about the size
and shape of a fingernail at medial corner
of eye sockets
• medial walls of orbits
• groove from orbit to nasal cavity
Nasal (2)
• forming the bridge of nose
Facial Skeleton


Facial Skeleton
Vomer (1)- forms lower and posterior
part of nasal septum; shaped like the
blade of a plough
• inferior portion of nasal septum
Facial Skeleton

Facial Skeleton
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
• extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity
Facial Skeleton

Facial Skeleton
Mandible (1)
• lower jaw
• body
• ramus
• mandibular condyle
• coronoid process
• alveolar process
• mandibular foramen
• mental foramen
Facial Skeleton
Facial Skeleton
Sinuses
• Front sinuses: cavities inside bone, above
supraorbital margin; lined with mucosa;
contain air
• Mastoid air cells: mucosa-line, air-filled
spaces within mastoid process of temporal
bone
• Sphenoid sinus: irregular mucosa-lined,
air-filled spaces within central part of
sphenoid
Sinuses
• Maxillary sinus: large mucosa-lined, airfilled cavity within body of each maxilla;
largest of sinuses
• Ethmoid air cells/sinus: mucosa-lined air
spaces within lateral masses of bone
*Function of facial bones- protect brain, act
as “shock absorbers”
*Function of sinuses may serve as a
reservoir for mucus and lighten the weight
of the skull
1. Frontal Sinus
Lateral Sinus & Skull
2. Maxillary Sinus
3. Ethmoid Sinus
11
4. Spenoid Sinus
5. Sella Turcica
1
6. Occipital Bone
7. Mastoid Air Cells
3
8. Floor of posterior fossa
5
9. Anterior arch of C-1
7
10. Mandible
11.Coronal Suture
2
4
6
9
8
10
Base of the Skull
1. Lat. ptyergoid plate
2. Ethmoid Sinus
6
3. Odontoid Process
4. Sphenoid Sinus
2
5. Foramen ovale
6. Maxillary Sinus
7. Mastoid air cells
8. Ant arch of C-1
9. Margin of foramen
magnum
1
10. Ext auditory canal
5
4
10
8
3
9
7
Airway
3
2
5
4
1
1.
Calcified tracheal
cartilage rings
2.
Hyoid bone
3.
Epiglottis
4.
Thyroid cartilage
5.
Cricoid cartilage
AP WATERS VIEW
Sinuses
1. Frontal sinus
1
2. Ethmoid Sinus
10
3. Nasal Septum (bony)
4. Zygomatical-Frontal Suture
2
5. Maxillary Sinus
4
6. Zygoma
7. Zygomatic Arch
5
3
8. Mandible
9. Inferior orbital margin
6
9
7
8
10. Left orbit
Read & Refresh
• Pages 260-276 in 18th edition
• Pages in 17th edition
• Pages 213-239 in 16th edition
Focus on the “Facial Bones” section and
tables for your reading and notes
Pick a Partner- its time for a Skull Tutorial
Vertebral Column
• Learning Goals
1- Name the regions of the vertebral
column, and number of vertebrae in each
segment
2- Identify the distinguishing characteristics
of vertebrae from each spinal column
segment
Vertebral Column
• cervical
vertebrae (7)
• thoracic vertebrae (12)
• lumbar vertebrae (5)
• sacrum
• coccyx
Vertebral Column



Vertebral Column
• cervical curvature
• thoracic curvature
• lumbar curvature
• sacral curvature
• rib facets
• vertebra prominens
• intervertebral discs
• intervertebral foramina
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Vertebrae
• long spinous processes
• rib facets
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas – 1st; supports
head
• Axis – 2nd; pivots to
turn head
• transverse foramina
• bifid spinous processes
• vertebral prominens
– useful landmark
Vertebral Column Study Guide
Thoracic
Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
• large bodies
• thick, short spinous
processes
Sacrum
• five fused
vertebrae
• median sacral
crest
• posterior sacral
foramina
• posterior wall of
pelvic cavity
• sacral promontory
Thoracic
Vertebrae
Coccyx
Sternum and Ribs
Learning Goals
1- Twelve pairs of ribs, together with the
vertebral column and sternum, form the
bony cage known as the thoracic cage
2- Identify the bone components of the
thoracic cage
Thoracic Cage
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing
Thoracic Cage
Costosternal
articulation
Ribs
• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5)
•8, 9th, & 10th
•Floating ribs (2)
Rib Structure
• Shaft
angle
Sternal extremity 
• Head – posterior end;
articulates with vertebrae
• Tubercle – articulates with
vertebrae
• Costal cartilage – hyaline
cartilage
Or
body
Rib Structure
Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Pectoral Girdle
• Learning Goal 1: Know the two main
bones of the pectoral girdle
• Learning Goal 2: Know the distinguishing
bone characteristics of the scapula
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones
 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.33
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Pectoral Girdle
• shoulder girdle
 clavicles
 scapulae
• supports upper
limbs
Sternal end of claviclearticulate with
manubrium
Acromial end of claviclearticulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
Scapulae
Read and Refresh
• Pages 277-285 in 18th edition
• Pages in 17th edition
• Pages in 16th edition
Upper Extremity
• Learning Goals
1- the upper extremity consists of the bones
of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower
arm, wrist and hand
2- list the bones that comprise the upper
extremity, including the relevant markings
on each bone
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Upper Limb
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
• head
• greater tubercle
• lesser tubercle
• anatomical neck
• surgical neck
• deltoid tuberosity
• capitulum
• trochlea
• coronoid fossa
• olecranon fossa
Ulna
• medial forearm bone
• trochlear notch
• olecranon process
• coronoid process
• styloid process
Radius
• lateral forearm bone
• head
• radial tuberosity
• styloid process
Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16)
• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate
• scaphoid
• pisiform
• triquetrum
• hamate
• lunate
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal phalanx
• middle phalanx
• distal phalanx
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals –
palm
 Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.36
She Likes To Play
Scaphoid
Lunate
In the moonlight
A boat
Triquetrum
The third T Bone
Mnemonic
for
Learning
Carpals
Pisiform
Pea-shaped
Hamate
A hambone
With a hook
Trapezium:
“It’s by the thumb”
Capitate
Trapezoid
“Is by its side”
Click R Button for Slideshow
Try To Catch Her
Right Palm
Hand Quiz
B
C
D
E
A
F
G
K
J
H
Answers: Next Slide; for Drill Click Back & Forth
Right Palm
Hand Quiz Answers
B. Metacarpals
A. Phalanges
C. Trapezium
D. Scaphoid
E. Lunate
F. Triquetrum
G. Pisiform
H. Hamate
J. Capitate
K. Trapezoid
Right Palm
Read and Refresh
• Pages 286-289 in 18th edition
• Pages
in 17th edition
• Pages 235-240 in 16th edition
Lower Extremity
Learning Goals
1- List the bones that comprise the lower
extremity, including the relevant markings
on each bone
2- Discuss the structural components and
function significance of the arches of the
foot
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The thigh has
one bone
 Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The leg has
two bones
 Tibia
 Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The foot
 Tarsus – ankle
 Metatarsals –
sole
 Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.41
Lower Limb
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
• longest bone of body
• head
• fovea capitis
• neck
• greater trochanter
• lesser trochanter
• linea aspera
• condyles
• epicondyles
Patella
• kneecap
• anterior surface of knee
• flat sesamoid bone located
in a tendon
Tibia
• shin bone
• medial to fibula
• condyles
• tibial tuberosity
• anterior crest
• medial malleolus
Fibula
• lateral to tibia
• long, slender
• head
• lateral malleolus
• does not bear any
body weight
Ankle and Foot
• Tarsals (14)
• calcaneus
• talus
• navicular
• cuboid
• lateral cuneiform
• intermediate cuneiform
• medial cuneiform
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal
• middle
• distal
Ankle and Foot
Mnemonic for Learning Tarsal
Bones:
Tiger Cubs
Talus
Need
MILC
Navicular
Medial
A boat
It sails on the Cs
cuneiform (1)
Intermediate
cuneiform (2)
Lateral
Calcaneus
Click R Button for Slideshow
cuneiform (3)
Cuboid
Foot Quiz
H
G
J
F
E
A
C
D
Answers: Next Slide; for Drill Click Back & Forth
B
Right, Superior View
G. Medial
Cuneiform (1)
H. Intermediate
Cuneiform (2)
J. Lateral Cuneiform (3)
F. Navicular
E. Talus
A. Phalanges
C. Cuboid
D. Calcaneus
Foot Quiz
Answers
B. Metatarsals
Right, Superior View
Where to Get Medical Mnemonics
Some are in books like this:
•Goldberg, S. (1984). Clinical Anatomy
Made Ridiculously Simple. Miami, FL,
MedMaster.
There are many more on the Internet. The best
site that I have seen is Medical Mnemonics:
•http://www.medicalmnemonics.com
Finally, you might try making up your own
Read and Refresh
Caption “Lower Extremity”
• Pages 289-296 in the 18th edition
Skeletal Differences in Men and Women
• Learning Goals
1- list the skeletal differences between
males and females
2- determine height and sex from bones
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Hip bones = Coxal Bones
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis bone
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.37
Pelvic Girdle
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Male and Female Pelves
Female
• iliac bones more
flared
• broader hips
• pubic arch angle
greater
• more distance
between ischial spines
and ischial
tuberosities
• sacral curvature
shorter and flatter
• lighter bones
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.39
Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis= False
• lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• iliac bones laterally
• abdominal wall
anteriorly
Lesser Pelvis = True
• sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• lower ilium, ischium, and
pubis bones laterally and
anteriorly
Coxae
• hip bones
•acetabulum
• ilium
• iliac crest
• iliac spines
• greater sciatic notch
• ischium
• ischial spines
• lesser sciatic notch
• ischial tuberosity
• pubis
• obturator foramen
• symphysis pubis
• pubic arch
Coxae
• Hip bones
• ilium
• iliac crest
• iliac spines
• greater sciatic notch
• ischium
• ischial spines
• lesser sciatic notch
• ischial tuberosity
• pubis
• obturator foramen
• symphysis pubis
• pubic arch
acetabulum
Sex Differences
• Explain some methods for
determining the sex.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/forens
ics/sex_determ.html
Identification of Skeletal Remains
1) Sex Determination
from the Skull:
Identification of Skeletal Remains
1) Sex Determination
From the Mandible:
Mandible angle :
With accuracy of 90%
From the bones of
The skull.
Cycle of Life: Mechanisms of Disease
Learning Goals
1- Discuss age changes in the skeleton
2- Discuss the three primary types of
abnormal spinal curvatures
3- Describe different types of bone fractures
Normal Spinal Curvature
There are
4 natural curves
in the vertebral column
130
Linear Spinal Curvatures
Kyphosis
Spine curves backward
in the chest area
“Roundback”
Lordosis
Spine curves forward
at the waist
“Swayback”
131
Scoliosis
• Sideways curvature of the spine
• Spine turns on its axis like a
corkscrew
• Normal spine has a “l” appearance
• Scoliosis produces an “S” or “C”
appearance
132
Degrees of Curvature
Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the normal
vertical line of the spine which, when measured
by an X-ray, is greater than 10 degrees.
MILD
MODERATE
SEVERE
American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee
133
Causes for Scoliosis
Congenital


Problem with the formation of vertebrae or
fused ribs during prenatal development
Present at birth
Neuromuscular, Connective Tissue & Chromosomal Abnormalities




Caused by a neurological disorder of CNS or muscular weakness
Cerebral palsy, Muscular dystrophy, Spina bifida, Paralysis
Marfan’s Syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Idiopathic



Structural spinal curvature with no established cause
Appears in a previously straight spine
80-85% of cases
American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee
134
Most Common Forms
1. Right thoracic
90% of thoracic curvatures
are to the right
2. Right thorocolumbar
3. Left lumbar
4. Double major-S curve
American Red Cross of Northeast Tennessee
135
Life-Span Changes
• decrease in height at about age 30
• calcium levels fall
• bones become brittle
• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
• spongy bone weakens before compact bone
• bone loss rapid in menopausal women
• hip fractures common
• vertebral compression fractures common
Clinical Application
Types of Fractures
• green stick
• fissured
• comminuted
• transverse
• oblique
• spiral
Bone Fractures & Healing
Although bones are strong, they are susceptible to breaks
(fractures) all throughout life.
The most common times in life for fractures to occur are
during youth (due to excessive activity, sports, and bad
judgment) and in the elderly (due to bone thinning and
weakening, often due to osteoporosis).
Six most common types of fractures:
1) Comminuted
2) Compression
3) Depressed
4) Impacted
5) Spiral
6) Greenstick
Comminuted fractures: bone breaks in many fragments.
Compression fractures: bone is crushed.
Depressed fractures: bone is pressed inward.
Impacted fractures: broken bone ends are forced into each other.
Spiral fractures: ragged break occurs during twisting.
Greenstick fractures: bone breaks incompletely (like a young twig).
Read & Refresh
Mechanisms of Disease
• Pages 298-304 in 18th edition
• Pages in 17th edition
• Pages in 16th edition