Download Introduction to Anatomy-HHAP

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and
its parts
Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or fun
Function

Form Vs Function….

 Gross


anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1
 Microscopic


Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Atoms
Cells are made up of
molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
 Maintain
boundaries
EX:Body org.-skin, pleura-organs, membrane-cell
 Movement


Locomotion-external
Movement of substances-internal
 Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion



Break-down & absorb nutrients
Mechanical- mouth & stomach
Chemical- mouth, stomach , SI
 Metabolism:
ALL chemical reactions within
the body

Produces energy & Makes body structures
 Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions: solid,
liquid & gas
 Reproduction

Pass on genetic traits/DNA
 Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells
 Nutrients

Chemicals that includes carbohydrates (energy),
proteins (cell building), lipids ( stored energy),
vitamins, and minerals (reactions & catalysts)
 Oxygen

Required to breakdown sugar & release energy (ATP)
 Water

60–80% of body weight, Necc. for metabolic reaction
 Stable
body temperature- necc for reactions
 Pressure- Atmospheric- Breathing
Hydrostatic- Blood movement
 Homeostasis—maintenance
of a stable
internal environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium
 Homeostasis
is necessary for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
 Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Effector
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Effector
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
 The
body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems

Receptor



Control center




Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus
 Negative



feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
Works like a household thermostat
 Positive


feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and
during the birth of a baby
 Integumentary




Forms the external body
covering
Protects deeper tissue from
injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
 Skeletal




Protects and supports
body organs
Provides muscle
attachment for movement
Site of blood cell
formation
Stores minerals
 Muscular



Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
 Nervous



Fast-acting control
system
Responds to internal and
external change
Activates muscles and
glands
 Endocrine

Secretes regulatory
hormones



Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
 Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart




Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
 Lymphatic



Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
 Respiratory


Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
 Digestive



Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible
material
 Urinary



Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
Maintains acid-base
balance
Regulates water and
electrolytes
 Reproductive

Produces
offspring
 Symptoms-more
subjective, more
difficult to
measure
consistently. Ex:
pain (tolerance to
pain varies with
individuals)
 Still important to
diagnosis
 Specific
group of
signs and symptoms
is a syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
lead to a diagnosis-an
identification of a
disease determined by
studying a patient’s
signs, symptoms,
history and results of
diagnostic tests
 Obtaining
the
medical history
can help
determine the
etiology, or cause
of the disease
 Idiopathic Vestibular
 The prognosis is
Disease
the prediction of  Idopathic –no known cause
the outcome of
 Vestibular-inner
the disease
ear/balance

Translation-we don’t know
why your cat walks in circles
 Special
terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for




Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
 Anterior
body
landmarks
 Posterior
body
landmarks
 Superior
(AKA:
cranial or cephalad)

Superior
Towards the head
 Inferior
(AKA:
caudal)

Away from the head
Inferior
 The
lungs are
superior to the
stomach
 The liver is inferior
to the heart
 Posterior
(AKA:
dorsal)

Toward the backside
or behind
 Anterior
(AKA:
ventral)

Toward the front
Anterior
Posterior
 The
tongue is
anterior to the
uvula
Tongue
Uvula
 Medial

More towards the
midline of the body,
on the inner side of

The heart is medial to
the arm
 Lateral

More towards the
side of the body, on
the outside of

The arms are lateral
to the chest
 Proximal

Close to the origin of the body
part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the
body trunk

The elbow is proximal to the wrist
 Distil

Farther from the origin of the
body part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the
body trunk

The fingers are distal to the elbow
 Superficial

Toward or at the
body surface

The skin is superficial
to the skeleton
 Deep

Away from the body
surface, more
internal

The lungs are deep to
the rib cage
A
sagittal section divides the body (or organ)
into left and right parts
 A median, or midsagittal, section divides the
body (or organ) into equal left and right
parts
 A frontal section divides the body (or organ)
into anterior and posterior parts
 A transverse, or cross, section divides the
body (or organ) into superior and inferior
parts
Figure 1.6
 Dorsal


body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
 Ventral


body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system
and most urinary system organs
You may have heard of an umbilical bulge or an
inguinal hernia, and now you know exactly
where such hernias are located. A hernia is a
tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure
(usually an organ) to protrude through it.
Sometimes this can be a minor nuisance, but a
hernia can also be very dangerous if the blood
flow to the portion of the organ that is
protruding is restricted. Restricted blood flow
can lead to death of the tissue and to serous
consequences. Death of a tissue is called
necrosis.
 Why are boys more likely to develop inguinaly
hernias than girls?
